Category Archives: Junior
Junior Elektor, from base to full system
The Junior Computer hardware and software is described in detail in the books and articles, see there for details.
On the following pages the essential information about the different parts are described: circuit diagrams, articles, ROM source and binaries etc.
It starts with a simple SBC: the base Junior. And it ends with a complete floppy disk and video based computer: the full Junior.
- Elektor Junior : base system
- Power Supply Unit
- Mini EPROM card and ESS511 ROM
- Elektor bus
- Elekterminal
- Junior Interface card
- 16/64K dynamic RAM card
- EPROMmer EPS82010
- Universal Memory card, 83014
- VDU Videocard
- Junior KB9 Basic
- Floppy disk interface
- OS65D
- Assemblers used in sources
Note that the Junior has the Elektor bus and could use a lot of the cards developed later for the EC65/Octobus, but memory layout differences may require adaptations. Study articles and books, lots and lots of subtle changes required in every step.
Thanks to many contributors, for ROMs and information! Philippe Roca, Philippe Roehr, Keith Robinson, Guus Assmann, the people at forum.system-cfg.com , VzEkC e. V. (classic-computing.de), Bram Prosman, Ian Lockhart. If forget someone, I want to thank you!
Memory layout
An attempt to show the meory map of a fully enhanced Junior system.
See also:
Part 4 Sorbus runs Wozmon, Apple 1 Basic, MCP
Sorbus computer part 3: the hardware
Sorbus computer (part 2)
The Sorbus computers
Junior Nederlands
Nederlandstalige artikelen uit Elektuur 1980 en later.
1980 First article Junior Computer March 1980 in color PDF file of the first two (dutch) articles 3-26 and 4-72 with the complete hardware design All other Elektuur Junior articles 1980 March 1980 Junior-computer The introduction article 4-72 Junior-computer hexadecimal monitor dump 5-66 KIM Gebruikers Club promotion! nogmaals: junior-computer nog wat aanvullende gegevens 6-56 elektuur uP systemen 8-26 RS 232 interface 9-48 RAM/EPROM kaart 8K RAM + 4,8,16K EPROM 10-42 meer junior-geheugen, memory decode for RAM/EPROM card 11-71 Junior groeit! |
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1981 All other Elektuur Junior articles 1981 2-54 junior-tekst, show text on led displays 3-54 junior-journaal, practical tips 4-41 Junior-hardware kompleet (PDF file) 4-52 junior-software aangevuld 5-56 junior-uitbreidingen bouwrijp (PDF file) 6-53 Junior Computer als Voltmeter (G.Sullivan) 10-53 EPROM-Programmer 12-46 pseudo-ROM |
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1982 1-58 EPROMmer (P.R. Boldt) All Elektuur Junior articles 1982 3-47 Junior spreekt Basic, adapt KIM KB-9 Basic to Junior 4-46 mini-EPROM-kaart 4-50 dynamische RAM-kaart 5-39 Software-uitpluizer (disassembler) 5-62 PSS Prive Software Service (EPROMmer) 5-67 Mini-teller met microprocesssor 7-59 Junior-vektoren ophalen (R. Mattysek) 7-46 single-cycle voor junior-computer (E.Kytzia) 9-74 konnektie tussen basis- en interface print 10-59 Van 6502 naar 6809 11-58 Floppy-disk interface voor junior en andere 6502-computers deel 1 12-26 floppy-disk interface deel 2 (Ohio Scientific DOS) |
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1983 1-66 verkeerslichtensturing (D. Herzberg) All Elektuur Junior articles 1983 3-28 Universele geheugenkaart 5-60 morse-dekoder 5-37 junior-programmatester 5-38 ASCII keyboard 5-48 parallel-serie-omzetter voor ASCII keyboard 6-48 RTTY-dekoder 7-73 busy-indicator voor junior 7-73 Centronics interface 6522 7-79 vektor-aansturing voor junior 9-58 VDU kaart 9-66 de muzikale junior 9-74 64K op de dynamische RAM-kaart 10-57 basicode-2 voor de junior 10-72 EPROMmer zonder interfacekaart 11-68 universele terminal 12-42 Omnibus busprint 12-44 indirekte files op de junior 12-70 Bus uitbreiding de Elektuur bus |
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1984 All Elektuur Junior articles 1984 1-68 adresdekodering 2-75 Basicode-2 voor Junior met VDU-kaart 2-66 6502-tracer 3-40 Tapemonitor uitbreiding 4-53 ID-list 4-71 motorschakeling voor floppy drives 6-36 merge voor BASIC files 7-50 RES IRQ NMI indikator 7-68 2716 voor 2708 8-12 start-omleiding voor 6502 8-15 beeldruiskiller 9-72 DOS-uitbreidingen 11-33 de 6845 geprogrammeerd |
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1985 RAM als EPROM swap routine voor 6502 6502 tracer |
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1978 – 1983 Elekterminal All articles in one PDF file of issues 181 to 231 |
See also:
Part 4 Sorbus runs Wozmon, Apple 1 Basic, MCP
Sorbus computer part 3: the hardware
Sorbus computer (part 2)
The Sorbus computers
Junior articles in English
See also:
Part 4 Sorbus runs Wozmon, Apple 1 Basic, MCP
Sorbus computer part 3: the hardware
Sorbus computer (part 2)
The Sorbus computers
Junior en francais
Articles published in the french edition of Elektor 1980-1983.
See also:
Part 4 Sorbus runs Wozmon, Apple 1 Basic, MCP
Sorbus computer part 3: the hardware
Sorbus computer (part 2)
The Sorbus computers
Elektor books
Books on Junior, Paperware on Junior and Computing Specials
(French covers thanks to Gerard Mizzi, English covers thanks to Ruud Baltissen, Spanish cover and scan thanks Joseba Elpalza, thanks to Frank Streichhahn for the German books, thanks to Joan from Barcelona for UK Junior book 3 )
Partial OCR’ed versions of the books can be found here, thanks to Keith Howell.
See also:
Part 4 Sorbus runs Wozmon, Apple 1 Basic, MCP
Sorbus computer part 3: the hardware
Sorbus computer (part 2)
The Sorbus computers
RB Specials
When I was an editor at Radio Bulletin we published several specials. Some were additions to the magazine, two specials were on sale.
See also:
Part 4 Sorbus runs Wozmon, Apple 1 Basic, MCP
Sorbus computer part 3: the hardware
Sorbus computer (part 2)
The Sorbus computers
PC utilities KIM Simulator Convert hex etc
To aid in the handling of KIM-1 program and dataformats I have written some programs for Windows and Linux (Raspberry Pi), sources included.
Convert 8 bit hex formats
KIM-1 simulator
Pascal-M cross compiler
KIM Tape WAV to BIN conversion
KIM Tape Convert BIN and BIN to WAV
KIMPaper
KIMPoser Tape Convert hex to WAV online
All programs come with source (Free Pascal Lazarus), compiled for Windows but thanks to Freepascal and Lazarus also compiled and tested on Linux (Ubuntu and Raspberry PI OS).
Convert 8 bit hex formats
A general purpose utility to convert common 8 bit hex and binary formats, such as Intel HEX, Motorola S records, MOS Papertape, hex format, and binary files.
Version 2.9, June 2024. Define assembler output and bugfix MOS papertape format, PRG Commodore file format, TIM papertape format
Convert8bithexformat source files (Freepascal Lazarus).
Convert8bithexformat Setup for Windows, Executables for Ubuntu and Raspberry PI OS
Available formats:
– BIN binary, raw data, no formatting, no information on start address.
– HEX formatted as hex numbers raw data, no start address included.
– IHEX Intel hex 8 bit format, multiple memory block, start address included.
– PAP MOS Technology papertape format, multiple memory blocks, start address included.
– SREC Motorola 8 bit S record, contiguous memory block, start address included.
– A1hex Apple Woz monitor hex format, start address included.
– KIM Tape as used in the KIM-1 Simulator as emulation of audio tape files.
– assembler formatted bytes as .byte or your prefix text
– PRG files (binary with start address)
– TIM papertape format (MOS Papertape with simple end record)
KIM-1 Simulator
6502/65C02 CPU emulation, disassembler, TTY, KIM-1 keypad and LEDs.
See the KIM-1 Simulator page for more information.
KIM Paper
Note that the Conver8bitHexFormat program is also capable of converting to and from Papertape format from many more formats.
Originally written for the launch of the MicroKIM, an older version is on the support CD.
When you attach a serial device like the teletype or a modern PC with Hyperterminal you can use the KIM monitor of the KIM-1. One of the functions is loading from and saving to a papertape device on the teletype. Now since this is a way to load and save data as a textfile this is in fact quite useful.
The Micro-KIM triggered me to modernize my conversion utility for MOS Technology papertape format dating from 1983, VAX/VMS and Turbo Pascal. A Windows and a commandline/console version are available.
KIMPAPER for Windows
A program for Windows to convert between papertape and binary format.
Windows setup KIMPAPER
Sources (Freepascal Lazarus, build also on Linux)
KIMPAPER V1.1 for DOS
Not too modern, but handy, a commandline utility. Does exactly the same as the Windows program KIMPAPER. Runs fine in a commandline DOS box. Can also be compiled for Linux with Freepascal. In the KIMPAPER DOS archive the program, source and information on the program and papertape format can be found.
C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper KIM-1 MOS Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 Syntax is: KIMPAPER [-[b|p] filename [startaddress] C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper -h KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 Syntax is: KIMPAPER [-[b|p|h] filename [startaddress] first parameter switches -h help -p convert to papertape -b convert to binary second parameter (first if no parameters, assumed binary to papertape) name of file to convert .BIN for binary, forces conversion to PAPertape .PAP for papertape, forces conversion to BINary third parameter (assumed 0000 if not present) startaddress for BIN to papertape conversion Files of type .BIN wil force conversion to papertape.PAP Files of type .PAP wil force conversion to binary .BIN Examples: C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper mastermind.bin 0200 KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 C:\MICROKIM>kimpaper mastermind.pap KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 Start address 0200 in file mastermind.BIN
Convert KIM tape to text
KIM Tape to Text is a utility to convert between binary format of a KIM-1 tape dump to a DOS text file.
The KIM tape dump is a binary file and is just a dump of part of the memory of the KIM-1.
This binary file can be a text file as used in editors Micro Ade or CW Assm/TED.
By using the tape write routine in the KIM-1 one can write an audio file on cassette.
When this audio file is captured on a PC as WAV file (22K, mono) this can be converted back to a binary memory dump with ED’s Utility KIMTape
These text files can be converted to DOS text files with this utility.
First open the binary file. If this is recognized as Micro Ade or CW Moser format, the Save as text file can be used.
Windows program.
Full source for Freepascal and Lazarus, no Windows dependencies. Compiled on 64 bits Windows 10 as 32 bit application.
Note on detection of assembler editor type
1. Micro Ade file must start with CR: when present this is Micro Ade
line nr follows 2 byte
line ends with $0D
file ends with $40
2. Assm/Ted by CW Moser starts with line number $10 $00
end of line is high bit set
There may be rare situations that a file starts with a $0D or a different line nr. You can force CW Mose detection by changing this to a sequence of $10 $00 $0D and if necessary blanks $20 to make it consistent. If in doubts: use an editor that shows the file in hex (Ultra Edit, or the free Notepad ++, Text editor PRO) and study the tape file.
Methods to get the binary file out of a Junior or KIM-1.
Read the record tape into a binary with Ed’s KIMTAPE conversion *see below). It is MS-DOS and runs fine in VDOS (https://www.vdos.info/) or DOsbox (slow).
Make a note of start address as shown by KIMTAPE.
Non-printing ASCII characters are filtered out of the resulting text file.
KIM Tape Convert WAV to BIN and BIN to WAV
Not my program, but so handy!
KIMTAPE v0.5 – tape conversion utility for KIM-1 and SYM-1 (2004-05-17) Local copy of http://dxforth.mirrors.minimaltype.com/#kimtape)
KIMTAPE allows programs stored on cassette tape to be decoded to a program file. It handles both MOS Technology KIM-1 and Synertek SYM-1 tape formats including HYPERTAPE. The reverse process – converting a program file to an audio wavefile is also possible, allowing one to produce perfectly regenerated cassettes. KIMTAPE works with 8-bit mono WAV, VOC or RAW audio files recorded
at 22050 samples per second.
Download: kimtap05.zip (MS-DOS) It is MS-DOS and runs fine in VDOS (https://www.vdos.info/) or DOSbox (slow).
The binary files in the KIM-1 program archives have been reproduced, from the original cassette recordings, with the tool KIMTAPE on a PC in a DOS box. See Eds DX-Forth and Utilities Page for this and other nice programs.
This program also makes it possible to reproduce the original cassette recordings that can be read by a KIM-1.
The files were made as follows: The KIM-1 cassette audio was connected to the PC audio input and (with e.g. Audacity) recorded as a wave file (mono 22KHz).
For example: qchess.wav
The wave file was then converted with KIMTAPE to a binary file (the exact content of of the KIM-1 memory when recorded).
And the KIMTAPE utility then displays load address (for example and tape ID
c:\kimtape qchess.wav qchess.bin KIMTAPE version 0.5 17-May-04 infile: qchess.wav outfile: qchess.BIN Program 01 address 0200 checksum OK xxxx bytes done
This .bin file (any extension is fine!) is NOT a wave file! It contains the exact content of the KIM-1 memory when recorded. The size is exactly the number of bytes as stored in the memory of the KIM-1 and much smaller than the wave file. This binary file can be converted back to a wave file with KIMTAPE or converted to a papertape file with KIMPAPER:
C:\kimtape -M -A0200 -D01 -B2 qchess.bin qchess.wav
As you can see: you have to specify the load address and the program ID. The B parameter indicates hypertape speed (2 here, slow)
The resulting wav file should be acceptable for the KIM-1. It is (as I have tested) acceptable as input for KIMTAPE!
All command parameters can be seen by typing KIMTAPE without parameters:
Pascal-M Cross compiler
Executables of cross compiler, workflow, sources, command line utilities.
See also:
Part 4 Sorbus runs Wozmon, Apple 1 Basic, MCP
Sorbus computer part 3: the hardware
Sorbus computer (part 2)
The Sorbus computers
KIM-1 Software
On this page my collection of KIM-1 software in binary format , manuals and articles, from my tapes and scanned paper archives and user contributions.
Most require an expanded KIM-1 with RAM memory above $2000, 16K recommended. Of course the Micro-KIM and the Corsham KIM Clone and the PAL-1 with memory expansion have enough horsepower to run this.
See the page for useful programs to convert binaries to papertape etc.
Not all have been tested, some use non-standard TTY I/O routines, so study, test, experiment and have fun!
- Microsoft KB-9 Basic for the KIM-1
- Focal-65 V3D
- Forth
- MICRO ADE
- Microchess
- Tiny Basic
- Comal
- KIM Venture
- HEXPAWN
- Baseball
- Pascal-M
- First Book of KIM sources, binaries, wave files
- Reactie
- Usurpator Chess for the 6502
- Q-Chess for the KIM-1
- Printing disassembler
- H14 printer and parallel keyboard routine
- KIM Tape Copy v1.1
- MAE 6502 Macro Assembler and Text Editor CW Moser ASSM/TED
- Telefonbuch
- Pocket Calculator for the KIM-1
- Instant Assembler for the KIM-1
- Printing Disassembler
- Tiny Basic
- Microsoft KB-9 Basic
- KIM-1 Enhancement PROM
- KIM Venture
- Baseball
- HEXPAWN
- KIM-1 programs by Nils
- Telefonbuch
KB-9 and KB-6 are the name used for the Microsoft Basic for the KIM-1. One of the 6502 family of early interpreters by the then called Micro-soft company. KB stands for KIM Basic, the 6 and 9 for the precison of digits.
See here for the page about the KIM-1 binary versions , articles, listing, sources and build-and-enhance- it-yourself version.
Forth
The FORTH language 6502 FIG-FORTH |
Binary Forth original, start at 2000
FORTH assembler sources, 6502, 65C02
FORTH assembler sources, 6502, 65C02 in ASSM/TED format, Elektor Junior binaries
Fig-FORTH 6502 manual
Fig-FORTH Manuals May 1979
COMAL
COMAL is an interpreted structured language. I have only as original the KIM User Club Elektor Junior version, and as with most of the 6502 SBC programs, not that difficult to adapt to a KIM-1, as told on the last pages of the manual (in/out/break character, load/save tape, memory layout). In theory perhaps, I failed up till now.
KGN COMAL archive with manuals, books, binary (load at $2000, start at $3000). Junior I/O routines!
Manual KGN COMAL (dutch)
COMAL Introduction
Partial commented disassembly of Comal
Comal attempt to run on KIM-1 patch files (June 2023)
MICRO-ADE assembler/editor
MICRO-ADE was the working horse for many KIM-1 users, the small and powerful assembler/editor/disassembler written by Peter Jennings, Microware. Manual and program are placed here with permission by Peter Jennings to the KIM Club (thank you Peter for this and for a great program!) |
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A letter sent by Anton Muller, KIM User Club the Netherlands, to Peter Jennings, thanks Peter for the scan! |
In August 2021 I (Hans Otten) typed in the source of MICRO-Ade from the listing in the manual, the output is binary compatible with the binaries I saved from tape and are tested on the KIM-1.
The result is a source identical (in standard MOS Technology assembler format) to the listing and binary identical to the page image. I also made new high quality scan of the manual and the listing.
Micro Ade program source and binary
Scanned manual
Scanned listing
Read in the KIM KENNER archive the source of the enhancements (text by S.T. Woldringh o.a.)
The KIM club enhanced Micro Ade to version 8. Download here the binary with a 2 page command summary.
MICRO-ADE V8
Microchess for the KIM-1
Updated November 2021
MICROCHESS for the KIM-1. Another Peter Jennings Microware product. Runs on a standard KIM-1. Control via LED displays and hex keypad. Quite a commercial success, many sold! |
Wave files of tape and binaries, dump of my cassette files
Assembler source and binaries, typed in by me in 2021, binary identical to tape
Original manual (from the reseller The Computerist) scanned by me
Original manual by Peter Jennings
Manual in HTML format
Article on upgrading/extending Microchess, Compute II Issue 1, pdf format
Article on upgrading/extending MICROCHESS, Compute II Issue 1, html format
Upgrade/extending assembler source and binaries, typed in by me in 2021
More chess openings, Fer Weber 1978
Microchess has been adapted for the Elektor Junior by Sjaak de Wit, sjelabs.nl.
Description of the adaptation
Source and binary of Microchess for the Elektor Junior
6502 Macro Assembler and Text Editor CW Moser
CW Moser ASSM/TED Assembler and Text Editor binaries: original, KIM-1, Elektor Junior Manual scanned in PDF format |
Sources of CW Moser for 65C02 and Junior binaries
Color version of later manual
Dissecting C. W. Moser’s ASSM_TED, Compute! Issue 11
Commodore PET version of the manual
Graphics Drawing Compiler for PET and SYM manual
Fast cassette interface for ASSM/TED by CW Moser
Universal 6502 Memory Test PET, Apple, Sym and Others, Compute! Issue 1
KIM Tape Copy v1.1
KIM Tape Copy v1.1, copy all files on a KIM cassette. Uses two recorders attached as shown in the Micro Ade manual. Source in Micro Ade format Listing of Tape Copy |
H14 printer and parallel keyboard routine
The Heathkit H14 printer is a simple matrix printer with a serial interface. This routine allows to use this printer via two pins at the free 6530 PIA port, see circuit diagram. Resistors are 2k2 ohm.
H14 printer and parallel keyboard input assembler source
Listing and circuit diagram
Printing disassembler
In 1982 I wrote/composed a program to have disassembled code on paper, with page numbers. The whole story, with the old binary and source, and a recent update can be found on this page.
Q-Chess for the KIM-1
Q-Chess for the KIM-1. Requires 8K memory and a TVT-6 display. Via patching a TTY can be used. Manual, including TTY patches Binaries of Q-Chess for TVT-6 and for TTY Patches on Q-Chess by Fer Weber, De 6502 KENNER 17 – augustus 1981 |
Usurpator Chess for the 6502
Usurpator Chess for the 6800 and 6502 in 2K, a book by H.G. Muller The book, with source listings for 6800 and 6502 Binary Source in CW Moser format |
Reactie
Time your reaction. Standard KIM-1 LED display and keypad. Source included.
First Book of KIM sources
KIM Venture
A (tiny) Colossal Cave adventure for the KIM-1 by Bob Leedom |
HEXPAWN
HEXPAWN, a game for the KIM-1 by Robert Leedom |
Baseball
Baseball, a game for the KIM-1 by Robert Leedom |
Telefonbuch Hobbycomputer #1 Herwig Feichtinger
Telefonbuch Hobbycomputer #1 Herwig Feichtinger |
Pascal-M
Pascal-M: A full (1978) Pascal P2 descendent compiler system for the KIM-1. See the School of Wirth pages for more information, including sources and binaries |
Pocket calculator for the KIM-1
Siep de Vries Westvries Computing The Netherlands 1977 Simple calculator (integer 6 digits positive) + – / * I/O via TTY or keypad/LED display, the same method as used by the KIM-1 monitor. Two versions (scans included): a special publication from the first days of the KIM Club in a traditional 6502 assembler and a later version for the Micro ADE assembler editor. Sources included of both versions (TASM 32),with resulting listing and papertape and Intel hex files. As close to paper original, changes due to assembler quirks. Download here Sources, papertape, listings, original scans |
See also:
Part 4 Sorbus runs Wozmon, Apple 1 Basic, MCP
Sorbus computer part 3: the hardware
Sorbus computer (part 2)
The Sorbus computers
Elektor Elektuur Junior
The Junior computer design was published by Elektuur/Elektor from 1980 on. It was published in a series of magazine articles, four books and several so called paperware A4 booklets. And the ESS Elektor Software Services for the ROMs.
Loys Nachtmann designed and developed the Junior Computer, G.H. Nachbar did the Dutch translation of the German books. The 4 Junior books were translated into English, German, Spanish, Italian and French.
The Junior design is in fact heavily inspired by the hardware of the KIM-1 (or you can call it a copy!), the floppy disk interface design is a copy of the Ohio Scientific floppy disk interface design. Though I am not aware of copyright claims by MOS Technology/Commodore or Ohio Scientific, the inspiration is clearly visible.
It was delivered as a kit by shops or could be be built from the PCB’s (and later the ROMs) sold by Elektuur. Many hobbyists have build one, it was cheap and well documented.
Later extended with video card and an adapted version of the 8K KB9 Basic and even a disk operating system (Ohio Scientific DOS OS65D V3).
Articles in the Elektuur magazine and books (1-4), a 6522 book in the same series, in Dutch, English, French, German, Italian and Spanish were published.
Quickly adopted by the Dutch KIM Gebruikers Club because it was so close to the KIM-1. In the later days the number of Junior Computer users exceeded the KIM-1 users and changed the nature of the club from professional users to a hobby club. It also led to the DOS65 operating system for the Elektuur 6502 CPU board
The magazine Elektuur (the Dutch name) and Elektor (the name in the rest of teh world surprised us in 1980 with the publication of a build-yourself 6502-based SBC. It is a design in the tradition of the KIM-1 and SYM-1: a hexadecimal keyboard, six hexadecimal led displays and KIM-1 compatible tape format.
Many Junior Computers were built, either from the PCB made by Elektuur and separate components or as a complete kit. And after we (Anton Muller and me) sent a letter to the Elektuur magazine that got published about the KIM Gebruikers Club, many hundreds Junior users joined the club.
Developments after the Junior design was published in Elektuur led to the EC65(K) (see the Elektor Computing books) and the KIM Club DOS65, documented on this page.
What you can find here:
- Junior Elektor, from base to full system
- Elektor Articles and Books
- Elektor PCB paperware and ESS services
- Elektor Junior software
- CPM-65 and Elekterminal emulator
- DIY Build a Junior
- Elektor gallery
- Musicprint kit and cassette interface
- Junior retronics articles