In my boxes with electronic parts I have many IC’s. Partly new bought, lots also rescued from obsolete boards. The 65XX parts present a large part in the microprocessor corner! Recent inventory revealed some unique and older types. So here I present photos of unique 65XX IC’s in my collection, duplicates left out.
Some older ceramic IC’s are from photos from other sources, like the Jolt archive.
MOS Technology dated the IC’s with the number string WWYY, where WW is weeknumber padded with zero, and YY are the last two digits of the year.
Example is my oldest part is 6530, date 1476 white case, stamped week 14 year 1976. The youngest parts are Rockwell R6522s from 2007! And the 65c102 dates 0843, which means 2008?
Other manufacturers reversed week and year, like the 6507 8222, year 1982, week 22.
IC’s in this gallery:6501AQ,65(S)(C)02, 6503, 6504, 6507, 6510,R65F11, 6520, 65(C)22, 6524, 65266530, 65(SC)32, 6540, 65456550, 65(C)51, 6569, 6581, 65C102, 65802, 65816, 8501, CO14806 , CM630P
6501aq
6502
CM630P
Bulgarian unofficial clone, pin compatible
6503
6504
6507
6510, 8501 (6510 equivalent of later Commodore C64)
6520
6521
R65F11
6522
6524 I/O + timer
6526 (CIA, mostly found in Commodore systems)
6530
See the 6530 page for more information
(in my KIM-1)
(in my KIM-1)
A 6530-005 (TIM without ROM program) as sold on ebay, obviously rebranded since the SY6530-005 text is still visible. Hard to see, but the Synertek date code also seems not to be 8114.
A 6530 TIM recently acquired:
A mystery 6530, image from IC seller
For a long time I have been looking at the photos of this, o so simple 6502 trainer, to see how it works and be able to build one myself.
Now that the circuit diagram has become available I have added a page on the OSI 300 on what I have found out about this simple 6502 system: photo’s, manual and circuit.
I have added a page with photos of my 6502 systems. From the KIM-1 to the A-One extended and Micro KIM to the Pocketerm. Includes Junior and Elektuur bus systems like EC65/Octopus.
The KIM-1 has two 6530 IC’s, the 002 and 003. From some research I have found that this factory mask rommable I/O RRIOT has been produced in more versions.
An interesting one is a relative of the KIM, the Terminal Interface Monitor 6530-004. Meant for a minimal 6502 development system, it contains a teletype oriented monitor program and a serial interface via bit banging.
See the TIM 6530-004 page for more information.
6530-002 KIM-1 listing in KIM-1 Users manual
6530-003 KIM-1 listing in KIM-1 Users manual
6530-004 TIM Terminal Monitor, see the TIM page
6530-005 According this OSI appnote this is an unprogrammed version of the 6530. I have seen ads for this part without description of what this is.
Terminal Interface Monitor, short TIM, with codename 6530-004, is a 6530 with a monitor program in the mask ROM.
No systems were sold by MOS around it, just a kit with manual and the IC. The Jolts use a TIM IC, Micro Associates, who designed the jolts write the TOM monitor for MOS Technology and called TIM DEMON. The DATAC 1000, a single-board computer based upon a 6502 and a TIM RRIOT, designed in 1976 by Philadelphia Area Computer Society club members Carmen DiCamillo and Roland James.
Many hobbyists build themselves 6502 SBCs around a TIM IC.
Here the machine readable and ready to assemble source, listing and binary of TIM (Thanks Martin Hoffmann-Vetter) Note that this contains a corrected version! While testing the TIM Simulator I found an error in the papertape loader LH command, the ; start of a record seems to be OCR’ed to ‘:.
The story of the TIM (from Ch.1.5 of “On the Edge: the Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore”)
The first development system offered by MOS, the TIM IC, was in kit form, which reduced the selling price to only $30. Since the unit was designed primarily to instruct the user on the workings of computer systems in general and the 6502 in particular, MOS Technology contracted Microcomputer Associates of Santa Clara, California to write the unit’s internal program. The two founders, Ray Holt and Manny Lemas, taught engineers how to use microprocessors. Peddle relates, “You have to understand how little the world knew of microprocessors in 1974, ‘75 and ‘76. There were guys making big money selling classes on microprocessors during that time.” Manny Lemas had worked for Peddle during his GE days, while Ray Holt had an impressive background working on the F-14 Tomcat project for the Navy.
In the middle Manny Lemas, on the right Ray Holt
The technicians developed the system in a special research area on the second floor of MOS Technology. The lab was a room within a room, with a large sign on the door in capital letters warning NO ADMITANCE. Inside, the team stared intently at oscilloscopes or sat over hot irons soldering components onto circuit boards. Small pieces of circuitry were scattered chaotically across the room. Since the 6502 microprocessor and supporting chipset contained almost everything necessary for a computer, the design was minimal. When assembled, it could be connected to a teletype machine or a computer terminal.
The biggest job was programming the built-in ROM code for the computer. This consisted of a debugger and monitor program, appropriately called the Demon. According to Peddle, Demon was programmed by Manny Lemas and Mike Quarter, who previously developed Peddle’s time-sharing system. The programmers used this time-sharing system to develop the code, which they burned into a 6530-004 RRIOT chip. This little powerhouse included RAM, ROM , I/O and timer capabilities.
The system was named simply. Peddle and his team liked acronyms, thus the Terminal Interface Monitor, or TIM was christened. TIM would begin a predilection at MOS Technology and Commodore for assigning friendly three-letter names to their products.
Those ordering the $30 development kit received the grey-ceramic 6530-004 chip and a manual consisting of 14 sheets of 11×17 paper, folded and stapled in the middle. Included in the manual were a suggested schematic, the TIM monitor commands, a few sample programs and a listing of the monitor code. It was up to the user to provide the resistors, transistors, capacitors, wire, and even the 6502 microprocessor.
Though receiving a computer in the form of a kit does not seem particularly user friendly now, hobbyists at the time clamored to build their own computer. Nonetheless, a good portion of the kits failed to operate upon completion. Rather than using a prepared circuit board, many buyers simply wire-wrapped the chips together on a piece of generic perf board or prototyping board, often termed a kludge board. After placing the required components on the board, builders hand wired the chips one pin at a time, resulting in a snarl of fine multicolored wires. Once the chips were in place, the user then had to construct or purchase a separate power supply for the TIM. Finally, the TIM was (as the name suggests) able to interface with a standard ASCII terminal or teletype machine.
As hoped, the do-it-yourself nature of the kits spawned familiarity with the products, and once hobbyists had invested time learning about the chip, they often remained loyal to the 6502. Many hobbyists ended up using their TIM computer as a small development system, since it was ideal for creating small programs. For their part, MOS Technology continued to sell TIM computer kits to diehard hackers, even after the Commodore acquisition. Ultimately, TIM was just a stepping-stone to developing and marketing a fully assembled computer.
Functions of the TIM software in ROM
• Self adapting to any terminal speed from 10-30 cps,
• Display and Alter CPU registers,
• Display and Alter Memory locations,
• Read and Write/Punch hexadecimal formatted data,
• Write/Punch BNPF format data for PROM programmers,
• Unlimited breakpoint capability,
• Separate non-maskable interrupt entry and identification,
• External device interrupts directable to any user location or defaulted to DEMON recognition,
• Capability to begin or resume execution at any location in memory,
• Completely protected, resident in Read Only Memory,
• Capability to bypass DEMON entirely to permit full user program
control over system,
• High speed 8-bit parallel input option, and
• User callable I/O subroutines.
DEMON’s Command Set Includes:
.R Display registers (PC,F,A,X,Y,SP)
.M ADDR Display memory (8 bytes beginning at ADDR)
: DATA Alters previously displayed item
.LH Load hexadecimal tape (socalled MOS papertape format)
.WB ADDR1 ADDR2 Write BNPF tape (from ADDR1 to ADDR2) (Intel papertape format)
.WH ADDR1 ADDR2 Write hexadecimal tape (from ADDR1 to ADDR2)
.G Go, continue execution from current PC address
.H Toggles high-speed-reader option (if it is on, turns it off; if off, turns on)
I know of several commercial systems using the TIM:
– The Jolt and Superjolt, Microcomputer Associates/Synertek (also information on the origin of the TIM-1 program!)
– the first Brutech BEM bus system, A small dutch company, Vinkeveen, that produced professional 6502/6809 and more, industrial systems.
– Datac 1000
Frank Wolf has decapped a TIM 6530-004 to study it and maybe do a FPGA clone.
Here the photo’s:
Expand your TIM
TIM BYTES THE APPLE
(Design by Fred Hatfield, scans and transcription by Tom Owad, https://www.applefritter.com/node/2833)
For those of you that would like to have hard copy capability and much better control over program development on the Apple 1, the following hardware addition will accomplish it.
Using a 6530-004 (‘TIM’ chip) costing about $12.00 gives many superb features such as a variable baud rate serial input/output, a high speed parallel input (high speed paper tape reader), an excellent breakpoint processor, paper tape dump and load routines, etc.
The TTY port is located at locations 6202H and 6203H. Date at that port should be 00H and 16H respectively. The baud rate is stored at 00EAH and 00EBH and 110 baud is represented by 10H and 46H at those locations. It’s a fun addition to the Apple 1. Try it!
Fred Hatfield K8VDU
Teletype connection schematic.
Teletype Pinouts (connections 6530-004 and Apple bus):
TIM articles in the Micro journal in pdf format:
– Micro 1: Terminal Interface monitor (TIM), introduction and description, with am alternative system circuit diagram.
– Micro 3: TIM meets the S100 bus.
– Micro 9: Two short TIM programs. First a program to chage the baudrate, the second is a small operating system.
MOS Technology designed two ICs that look very similar, the MCS6530 and the MCS6532.
The 6532 is called RIOT, for RAM I/O and Timer. The 6530 is called RRIOT, for ROM RAM I/O and Timer.
The timer and I/O is (nearly) identical on both IC’s. RAM is 64 byte on a 6530, 128 byte on the 6532.
The ROM is where the big difference is, it is a 1K so called mask programmed ROM. This means the contents of the ROM are determined in the factory.
Besides the ROM also at the factory choices can be made about the Chip and Register Select lines and such.
The 6532 is a general purpose I/O IC and widely used because of its versatility.
Of the 6530 a limited number of variants were made by the factory as I. The 6530 variant is often indicated by a number, 6530-XXX.
Well known variants are the 6530-002 and 6530–003 used in the KIM-1. The 6530-004, called TIM, is used in the Jolt computers. In many Commodore disk drives 6530 variants are used. .
The 6530, nick named RRIOT is quite a special IC in the 65xx family.
Timer, RAM (64 byte), ROM, I/O, Counter in one IC. It has a factory mask programmed ROM and the locations of its I/O and RAM and ROM are determined also in the factory.
The 6530 is found in among others the KIM-1 (6530 02, 6530 03), a Chess system with MicroChess by Peter Jennings (6530 24) and variants are used in Commodore disk drives.
The 6532 has no ROM and RAM size is 128 byte versus 64 in 6530. I/O and timer are functional identical to the 6530. The nickname is RIOT, and it is a general purpose I/O device in the 6502 family. Very popular in e.g. the Atari 2600, and many clone KIM-1’s.
There is a datasheet for an IC called the 6531, RRIOC for RAM ROM I/O Counter. I have never seen it in the wild though, but seen references to pinball machines using it.
A mistery 6530, 021 unknown sofar.
Micro-KIM
The Micro-KIM, see the whole story here, is another variant of a KIM-1 with the original ROMS and 6532 instead of 6530.
The DOS65 system, designed by the KIM Gebruikers Club, based upon an Elektuur Octopus design, augmented with a better floppy controller is now documented on the DOS65 page.
The dutch company Visser Assembling Electronics, Alkmaar, working for and in cooperation with the dutch carpet-factory Forbo Krommenie, developed a system based upon the KIM-1.
The T4 system consist of a large portfiolio of RAM, ROM, EPROM, input (Analog and Digital) and Output boards. Also a videoram card was developed.
The ALPHA-1, made by Berliner Unternehmens MCS (“Micronic Computer Systeme GmbH”) is an early computer, produced in 1977. The design is influenced heavily by the KIM-1 with many improvements and enhancements.
It is ready to run, has a KIM-1 compatible cassette file format. The system exist of an external CPU board and a cased display/keyboard I/O system.
About the Apple 1, and modern clones I have like the A-ONE and the Replica 1.
All of us older computer geeks know that before selling Macs, Apple founders Steve Wozniak (the genius) and Steve Jobs (the greedy business man) had a lot of success with the Apple ][ or Apple 2 or Apple ii, whatever marketing tricks were done with the name of that remarkable personal computer. The 2 in the name suggest there was an Apple 1 and yes, there were a very limited numbers of boards sold (200 or so, 50 or so survived time, so its a valuable collectible) branded Apple 1 in the 1976-77 time-frame. It has video on board and accepts input from a full size keyboard, so it is one of the first standalone hobby/personal computers based on a microprocessor, the 6502 of course, being powerful and cheap at that moment.
What is an Apple 1?
Besides being the first product of Apple Computers and designed by Steve Wozniak, the Apple 1 featured as one of the first a complete computer, with keyboard and video, on one board, based on an affordable and powerful microprocessor, the 6502.
Apple 1 Replica
There are several Apple 1 clones made! The Replica-1 SE by Vince Briel was the first to apply modern components to replace the hard to get and therefore expensive components, like the Signetics 2513 and such, with modern microprocessors emulating the terminal part. The terminal part is replaced by three microcontrollers, for video and serial interface. Before he made the Micro-KIM, Vince Briel designed quite a complex replica of the Apple 1. Complex because of the now defunct, hard to get components. He worked around that problem beautifully with innovative modern solutions and added conventient modern connections like USB and PS/2 keyboard. The result is the Apple 1 Replica (SE). Available are a slot expansion for three real Apple 1 slots, a multi-I/O board with ACIA 6551 and 6522 VIA and, via Rich Dreher, the CFFAA1 (Compactflash mass memory) board.
Of these Replica’s I have in my collection the Replica 1 SE and the A-ONE extended. Both excellent computers wit some differences:
The A-ONE is even more compact, less IC’s.
The A-ONE has a real Apple 1 slot instead of the pin header on the Replica-1 but in shrinken format!
No parallel keyboard interface on the A-ONE, the PS/2 input functions as the keyboard. On the Replica both parallel and PS/2 can be used.
Selection of NTSC or PAL on the A-ONE delivers a rock solid picture.
The Replica-1 has USB, also functioning as power supply, as an option also as serial interface.
The Replica-1 has an AT(X) power connector, required for the -12V of the parallel Apple keyboard.
The Replica 1 has a EEPROM, the A-ONE an oldfashioned EPROM.
The forum of Briel Computers for the Replica-1 gives good support for the community.
The Replica 1 is still available for sale as Plus
The CFFA1 card delivers mass storage to the Apple 1 but the A-ONE is connector is not the right size.
(Specifications from from the original manual)
In fact the Apple 1 is made up of:
A 6502 based microprocessor system with 4K RAM (dynamic ICs) and 256 bytes ROM
A ‘monitor’ program called WOZmon (written by Steve Wozniak, in those 256 bytes!)
A video terminal, made with dynamic shift registers, a uppercase only character generator (the famous Signetics 2513)
Connector for parallel ASCII keyboard
The microprocessor and he terminal part are glued together via a PIA 6821. One 8 bit parallel port reads the ASCII keyboard, the other port delivers the characters to be displayed on the video terminal.
Datasheets of the now rare Signetics ICs in the Apple 1 (available on every Apple 1 page, but they are all the same documents scanned by me, Hans Otten!)
Apple 1 monitor
The Apple 1 comes with the WOZ monitor. A very small but smart program, since there is only 256 byte available in the PROM of the original.
It can do just the basic:
1. The prompt is ‘@’
2. Enter one or two hex numbers, separated by a dot, and it shows you the content of memory from first to last number
3. Enter a hex number to be put in memory, by specifying the address, a ‘:’ and then the hex number for that memory location. Or as many bytes for consecutive locations.
4. Run a program from a memory location.
The monitor is so simple, smart enough to be usable for the replica’s. Via the serial interface you can dump standard hex files to the Apple 1!
The API of the Apple 1 is not much more than:
1. read a character from the keyboard
2. Read a line form the keyboard
3. Write a character on screen
4. Write a hex string to the screen
When the optional cassette interface is added, some more command are added to read and write data from and to an audio cassette tape recorder. Be warned, the Apple 1 cassette interface is very strict about the quality of the tape and the qualiy of the power supply! With other words, its a disaster to work with.
Apple 1 Basic
Steve Wozniak wrote, by hand, no assembler used, a Basic interpreter for the Apple 1, fitting in 4K. No floating point, a pre-runner of Integer Basic for the Apple 1.
Good enough to run simple Basic programs, 4K is not much memory. Mostly text based games. Some are still available.
Krusader and A1 Assembler
Ken Wessen has produced an assembler, disassembler and debugger and even added a small powerful machine monitor . The program is called Krusader and it fits in 4K. Built in in the Apple 1 Replica and the A-ONE.
Visit the Replica 1 software page where also a working version of the Apple 1 emulator POM-1 can be found.
San Bergmans produced also an assembler package for the Apple 1, called A1 Assembler. A small sister or subset of his impressive SB-Assember. More powerful than the Krusader assembler, but no debugger. Can be used on any Apple 1 replica and is built in in the A-ONE.
Ports of Lee Davison’s excellent 6502 Basic, and Figforth are available. For these you will need the A-ONE or Replica since these have 32K RAM to play with.
Cross assembling/compiling
Any 6502 assembler on another platform that can produce hex files can be used to develop programs on the Apple 1. Dont worry about the Apple 1 API, since there is nearly nothing …
