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Convert to Papertape V2.2

On the Utilities page I have two programs to convert to MOS Technology papertape format: KIMpaper, a command line utility, and ConvertHexFormat, a GUI app.

All in Freepascal/Lazarus source format, and tested on Linux (Raspberry PI OS) and Windows 10 64 bit. So the programs will run everywhere Lazarus is available (MS DOS, WIndows, Linux Mac OS).

KIMPAPER  is written at the time the Micro-KIM appeared. CLI utility.  Supports Binary to/from Papertape.  Still runs fine on all platforms supported by Freepascal (Windows, MS DOS, Linux etc) after a recompilation, source available.

ConvertHexFormat is a more recent GUI utilitilty with many more 8 bit hex formats as input and output.

There were some bugs of course in older versions. V2 added the ability for multipart hex formats, records having a non-consecutive load address. That seems to wok fine since V2.1
In 2.2 a bug in MOS Papertape format for bigger files is fixed, the end-of-file record (record type 00, total line count) had a bug in the checksum calculation. KIMPAPER is and was correct in the calculation.
But in ConvertHexFormat it was wrong (as it still  is in the well known srec utility in the Unix world!).

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PC utilities updated

The PC utilities page has seen an update of th4 Conversion hex formats utility.

Programs to manipulate the binary and hex formatted files of interest for SBC owners. Intel hex, MOS papertape, Motorola S-record, binary, hex conversion fort eh 8 bit world.
Runs on Windows, Linux, Mac due to Lazarus and Freepascal. Source included.

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Adding I/O to the KIM-1

By Bob Applegate

Adding I/O devices that don’t need much address space. On the KIM-1, the space from 1400-17FF is grouped into the K0 block but only 17xx are used, leaving 1400-16FF open for use. To decode that range into four blocks of 256 bytes is easy using a single chip and a few signals from the KIM Clone expansion bus:

Everyone has a 74LS138 in their parts collection, so just connect a few signals from the expansion bus and use one of the three signals from the 138 to decode which block you want to use. Use the A0-A7 address lines to decode into smaller pieces.

KIM Clone software

KIM Clone software

Look at the KIM-1 software page for a wide offer of KIM-1 software, suitable also for the KIM Clone.

KIM Monitor

The Corsham variant of the KIM Monitor is for the most part made up of the code in the 6530-002 ROM. The 6530-003 (audio cassette save/load) ROM was removed.
Placed in the main ROM of the KIM Clone.

List of changes to the original KIM-1 ROMs:

  1. Removal of the (6530-003) code to save/load from cassette tape.
  2. Lunar Lander (First Book of KIM) added.
  3. Farmer Brown (First Book of KIM) added.
  4. New X command from TTY to enter the Corsham Technologies xKIM extended monitor.
  5. L command also loads Intel hex file (from input, send file in terminal emulator, like you can do with papertape files)

There is no technical reason why you could not load the original KIM 6530-002 and 6530-003 ROMs into the KIM Monitor EPROM. The Corsham KIM Monitor is a bit more convenient.

Source of Corsham KIM Monitor

xKIM Monitor
Placed in the extra EEPROM

Extra commands in teletype mode.

  ? ........... Show this help
  D ........... Disk directory
  E xxxx ...... Edit memory
  H xxxx xxxx . Hex dump memory
  J xxxx ...... Jump to address
  K ........... Go to KIM monitor
  L ........... Load HEX file
  M xxxx xxxx . Memory test
  P ........... Ping disk controller
  T ........... Type disk file
  ! ........... Do a cold start

Source of Corsham KIM Monitor
a>

Corsham eXtended KIM Monitor Manual
Source of Corsham KIM Monitor

Microsoft 8K BASIC
Download the original KB9 binary, dumped from official Micro-soft (no typing error, original name!) cassette audio tape, and documentation from this site.

Or build your own version from the pagetable blog (for which my KB9 was the KIM-1 version as input!) Install the CC65 package, then run the make.sh command, then look at the file tmp/kb9.bin, You’ll need to convert that raw binary image to a file suitable for downloading to the KIM, see the KIM-1 tools for a utility. All of these needs at least 12K of RAM starting at $2000 in the KIM-1

Binaries of KB9

Here is a file suitable for downloading onto a KIM-1. It loads at $2000 but to run it you’ll need to start at $4065. Use the L command in KIM-1’s monitor, then upload the file. I strongly suggest that you change your terminal emulator so it adds a 200 ms pause at the end of each line. Once it loads, run it by going to 4065 and running it.
4065 G
To see the easter egg, answer “A” when it asks for memory size.

Original KIM-1 Microsoft BASIC KB9

This is still experimental but I have a version which uses functions in the xKIM monitor (present on the KIM Clone or on the 60K RAM/EPROM board) to save/load from the SD Card System. It also has a DIR command. This is an Intel HEX file and must be loaded from the xKIM “L” command:

Download hex file xkim

This loads and runs at $2000.

Tom Pittman’s Tiny BASIC
Tom distributed a very small BASIC that needed about 3K to run, and was available on paper tape for $5!!! He has quite a bit about it at:
http://www.ittybittycomputers.com/IttyBitty/TinyBasic/

Here is the source code, listing, and binary to my disassembly which includes a lot of comments and notes from Tom Pittman:
Tiny Basic source
Tiny Basic listing

A ready-to-run binary which loads at $0200 and should have RAM up to $13FFL
Tiny Basic hex file

Bob’s Tiny BASIC
by Bob Applegate

All the early issues of Dr Dobb’s Journal discussed using using an intermediate language (IL) to write a general interpreter, then writing a BASIC interpreter using the IL language. Nobody used this except for Tom Pittman. I liked the idea and about five years ago wrote my own BASIC using that approach. It is buggy, but the sources are on the Corshams github so anyone can take them, hopefully debug things, and put fixes back in place. My version also has commands to save/load programs to/from a Corsham Technologies’ SD Card System.

Source and documentation of Bob’s Tiny Basic

And a binary version that can be run starting at address 0200

AS65 assembler

The software above was assembled with the AS65 Kingwoods assembler, a command line utility for Windows (including 10).

Download here AS65

A typical build for a bianry and hex output would be:

REM Build xKIM
as65 -l -s2 xKIM.asm
as65 -l xKIM.asm

Type “as65 ?” for help

Memory Test

by Bob Applegate
This memory test was originally based on Jim Butterfield’s memory test program in the First Book of Kim, but has grown a bit. This now tests every memory location using a rolling 9-bit pattern. Ie the pattern repeats every 9 bytes, so this will detect most shorted address line problems. I use this to test memory boards, so it will run forever unless an error is detected. At the end of each pass, a ‘.’ is printed.

This does output to the TTY port, so if you’re only using the default KIM display, the output functions will need to be tweaked. Not hard to do, but I didn’t need it.

Written February 2006 by Bob Applegate, but it uses some bits of code from Jim Butterfield, and Ross Archer
Memory test soource and hex file

Microchess Peter Jennings
Adapted for KIM clone by tennyson.neil

Source and hex file Microchess for the KIM clone

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KIM Clone Proto Board


KIM Clone Proto Board

KIM Clone Proto Board User Manual

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KIM Clone tips

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KIM Clone

A KIM-1 clone build by Bob Applegate of Corsham Technologies.

The idea was replace the 6530’s with 6532 and by careful memory decoding have the I/O, timer and RAM of the 6532’s appear at the same locations as the 6530-002 and -003. ROM is added with an EPROM.
Not an exact copy in dimensions , and the ROM has been changed/enhanced/improved with a xKIM Monitor by Bob Applegate (hex upload e.g.), though the original KIM-1 ROM should work also.

The result is a high quality build, and an exact KIM-1. With many extra’s

Available assembled and tested or as a kit. I have bought the Rev 2 PCB with essential parts from Corsham to build it!

And also bought the assembled Rev 5 with expansion connector, motherboard, Proto board,  KIM Clone I/O and SD/RTC Shield.

This is a dream of a 6502 development system! The SD shield has a simple interface in the xKIM monitor to load and save files on the SD, which is a FAT formatted card, Fast enough of course and easy to exchange fiiles on a PC with a cross assembler.

What you find here:


Photos of my Corsham Technologies cards:









Rev 1A Corsham, close to Rev 2

KIM-1 RAM/ROM and I/O board connected to a KIM-1

KIM-1 manuals

On this page manuals, most English, some German

PDFs from all over the internet, archive.org, own scanning. Thanks for that!
From https://www.retro-commodore.eu/2021/02/14/kim-1-manuals/ come the high quality scans!


User Manual

User manual high quality
User manual in HTML format
User manual in text format
User manual in PDF format (note page 18-25 of the ROM listing is missing)
Appendix with ROM listing in PDF format
Corrected page 17 of ROM listing
Appendix with complete ROM listing in PDF format
Revision of Rockwell KIM-1 User’s manual
Proofreading version of User Manual from Terry Holdt
MOS KIM-1 Handbuch, German version of KIM-1 User manual

Hardware manual

Hardware Manual January 1976 Second Edition Publications Number 6500-10A
MCS6500 Hardware Manual high quality
Hardware Manual in ASCII format
MCS6500 Hardware Manual jan 1975 in PDF format
MCS6500 Hardware Manual jan 1976 second edition in PDF format
Hardware manual in HTML format
Rockwell 6500 Hardware Manual
MOS 6500 Hardware Handbuch
German version of Hardware manual

Programming manual

MCS6500 Microcomputer Family Programming Manual high quality
High-res quality typeset manual by Pickledlight. Local copy. Check to original for updates!
MCS6500 Microcomputer Family Programming Manual
MCS6500 Microcomputer Family Programming Manual Hardcover
Programming Manual in PDF format
Programming Manual in HTML format
Programming manual appendix in HTML format
Rockwell 6500 Programming_Manual
MOS Microcomputers Programmier Handbuch,
German version of Programming manual

KIM Hints

KIM hints
KIM-1 Hints PDF format
KIM-1 Hints smaller PDF format
KIM-1 Hints in text format
KIM-1 Hints in text format with additions and corrections

KIM-2 – KIM-5 manuals

Hardware extensions, see also the KIM System Products pages.

< User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in PDF
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in BW PDF
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in HTML
< MOS KIM-2-3-4 User Manual Expansion Modules
KIM System products folder KIM-3B KIM-4 IM-5 KIM-6 incl pricelist
MOS KIM Assembler Manual Preliminary (KIM-5)
MOS KIM Text Editor User Manual (KIM-5)

Byte Magazine 1978 09 Plugging the KIM-2 Gap

Byte Magazine 1978 09 Plugging the KIM-2 Gap

Cross assembler Manual, GE timeshare

Scan-160408-0001 Cross assembler Manual, GE timeshare

Cross assembler Manual, GE timeshare

MOS KIMath Subroutines Programming Manual

6502 Reference Cards

6502 Reference Cards collection
MOS Technology Reference Card, better quality, early one, ROR instruction missing, handwritten

MCS6501 reference card August 1975


MCS6501 August 1975


No ROR instruction!

MOS Technology Cross assembler


Circuit diagram poster

KIM-1 circuit diagram
Rockwell branded circuit diagram
KIM-1 poster in high resolution, large picture!
KIM-1 poster in high resolution,
cleaned up by Joshy of Forum64 and me (August 2022)
KIM-1 poster in high resolution, cleaned up and with wide borders
KIM-1 poster in high resolution, scan by Dave McMurtrie
Redrawn KIM-1 circuit diagram

KIM-2/3/4/5

< User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in PDF
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in BW PDF
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in HTML

First Book of KIM

First Book of KIM
The First Book of KIM-1 in PDF format
The First Book of KIM-1, part in text format
The First Book of KIM-1 in HTML format
Sources of The First Book of KIM-1 in source and papertape format, Jeff Tranter

Newsletters and errata

MOS Technology newsletter February 1976
MOS Technology April 1976 customer update
Customer Errata Letters
Customer Errata Letter 1
Customer Errata Letter 2
Customer Errata Letter 3

Quick references

KIM-1 Quick Reference by Jeff Trenter
KIM-1 user guide and notes
from the book “Microcomputer Principles
featuring the 6502/KIM