A list of KIM-1 emulators/simulators
To be included in this list, the emulator should run the original KIM-1 ROM’s. I prefer to see source code, which all do except Kimplement. If I can not run it, it is not on this list (I know of an Apple iPhone  and a Palm Pilot version) .

My favorites are of course my own KIM Simulator (for TTY programs) and the KIM-1 emulator in JavaScript (for LED display programs).

Troublemakers in KIM-1 emulation are due to the bit banging nature of the KIM-1 system:

• Serial I/O.
  Since the KIM-1 uses bit banging to do serial I/O this is hard to emulate. Therefore msot emulators patch the ROM at the GETCH and OUTCH locations to send and receive a character, including the hardware echo of GETCH
• The automatic baudrate detection, also a bit banging routine, is patched out since it has no meaning with patched serial I/O routines and makes the emulator hang at boot.
• Break detection.
  Most KIM-1 programs, like MS-Basic, break/stop detection by a BIT at location $1740. This of course does not work on patched serial I/O, so a patch at location 1740 is required.
• The finer details of the serial interface, like PB0, PB5, PB7 and PB7 are often not implemented, so the hardware echo can not be prevented.
• Tape I/O, $1800, $1873, is often replaced by some form of dumping /loading memory with the start and stop and ID of the original routine with a binary file or omitted
• LED displays.
  Also bit banging. By calling the SCANDS routine, repeated at a fast rate, the LED segments are switched on and off. The data, six nibbles interpreted as a hex number, per LED display comes from $F9, $FA, $FB, for a total of six digits. A bit complicated (see the information below) and hard to emulate without flickering.
  A solution is to patch the SCANDS routine and displaying the hex without the switching off of segments. This works fine for the KIM-1 ROM itself and many programs that call SCANDS to light the LEDs. If the program (many First Book of KIM games e.g.) does bypass SCANDS and go directly to the hardware, it will fail.

Below is a list of, known to me, KIM-1 emulators/simulators. Details below the table.

KIM-1 Simulator

My own attempt to KIM-1 emulation. The goal is more to test and study 6502 software for the KIM-1 than cycle exact LED display KIM-1 emulation.
A GUI application. The LED display is simulated by patched SCANDS, so hex digits only, no LED games.
Serial TTY is fully supported including echo suppress and Break detection via the built-in glass teletype console.
Debugging mode allows full access tot the innards of the 6502 or 65C02, the KIM-1. memory view, single/multiple step, run to breakpoint, instruction logging,, cycle counter, disassembly.
Loading and saving to many common formats like MOS papertape, Intel Hex, Motorola S record, binary, hex.
Both RRIOTs, a 6850 ACIA, a LE/switch to the free RRIOT port, RAM to E000, a utility ROM at F000. Runs all known TTY programs.
Things not working yet: LED displays via hardware RRIOT ports (without flickering!), timers in RRIOTs, timed execution to 1 MHz, tape emulation (including the Micro ADE tape motor control support).

Linux KIM-1 emulator

A command line KIM-1 emulator, running on Linux. Runs fine on Raspberry Pi OS.

Simulates LED display with characters displayed at the terminal. Every key entered results in a new line with the LED display. Also supports TTY mode, be it limited to the maximum of 5K RAM in lower memory.
A good attempt to stay close to the bit banging nature of the keyboard entry routine. Limits speed to 1 MHz.

The Incredible KIMplement

A KIM-1 emulator running on a Commodore 64. Which means it will be slow, since 1 MHz 6510 running an emulated 6502, you get the picture. I did test run/Kimplement a long time ago in an C64 emuatator,  The Incredible KIMplement is a KIM-1 emulator for the Commodore 64 (yes, this is not a joke — see the screenshot to the right). It is a true, partial emulation of the original KIM-1 hardware featuring:

• Powered by “6o6” — a full software NMOS 6502 emulation (documented opcodes only, sorry) with all addressing modes, simulated ROM, and simulated memory-mapped I/O
• LED and keypad emulation via partial RIOT emulation
• TTY emulation (ASR-33 subset) via partial RIOT emulation
• SST emulation
• 4K RAM expander card
• KIM-4 emulation with 8K RAM expander card (thus total address space 16K)
• Revision E ROMs built-in, so you don’t have to find a pirated set download them from your own KIM

KIM UNO

The KIM Uno, designed and produced and sold by Oscar Vermeulen, is a very simple “open-source hardware” project that started out as a replica of the classic 1976 KIM-1 computer. Later, Apple-1 compatibility and a 6502 programmable calculator mode were added, plus a built-in ‘early 6502 software gems’ collection.
It costs about $10 in commonly available parts (board & parts without case or power supply), but provides a faithful KIM-1 ‘experience’. An Arduino Pro Mini mounted on the back contains all the logic and memory.

I have two versions: the ‘original’ and the later redesigned version, Software-wise the same, with on the top of the PCB room for power connector (GND, +5V or a 9V battery) and a slide switch. , I use them with an USB cable (the blue one of this page) for power and the serial interface provided.

The software already works on the blue pill STM32 or an ESP32, with manual cabling to the keyboard/display and I expect a new version of the PCB for the ESP32.

The software for the serial interface (you really need a good serial terminal emulator, like Minicom or Tera Term) can be used on any Arduino Uno. After power on  it delivers a simulation of the LED display or the real KIM TTY teletype interface (a bit broken in the current version).

All well described on the pages of Oscar and well worth the money for a ‘6502 SBC’ experience or a Cosmac 1802 with a small LCD.

KIM-1 emulator in JavaScript

By Code Monkey King, web browser based, run it here.

Emulates the keypad/LED display part only. Hardware emulation of LED display. Emulates KIM-1 LED display very well!
Some handy tools like 6502 assembler, paper tape format converter and hexdump generator
No TTY, limited RAM.
Code on github

KIM-1 hardware information relevant to emulation

RAM ROM I/O

OVERVIEW OF KIM-1 MEMORY MAP fully extended (A-K connected!)

 0000-1400 RAM
 1600-1700 free, can be RAM or I/O or ROM
 1700-173F I/O and timer of 6530-003
   1700 Port A,
   1701 DDR Port A
   1702 Port B,
   1703 DDR Port B
   1704- timer
 1740-177F I/O and timer of 6530-002, used by  LED/Keyboard/tape
   1740 Port A,
   1741 DDR Port A
   1742 Port B,
   1743 DDR Port B
   1744- timer
 1780-17BF RAM from 6530-003  , free for user applications
 17C0-17FF RAM from 6530-002  , free for user except 0x17E7-0x17FF
 1800-1BFF ROM003
 1C00-1FFF ROM002
    emulator  mirrors last 6 bytes of ROM 002 to FFFB-FFFF:
 2000 - DFFF RAM in simulator

 F000-       ROM in simulator for patching KIM-1 ROM serial I/O and keypad
 FFFA, FFFB - NMI Vector  copy of KIM-1 ROM ROM002
 FFFC, FFFD - RST Vector  copy of KIM-1 ROM ROM002
 FFFE, FFFF - IRQ Vector  copy of KIM-1 ROM ROM002


| ADDRESS |      AREA      | LABEL |              FUNCTION               |
|         |                |       |                                     |
|  00EF   |                | PCL   | Program Counter - Low Order Byte    |
|  00F0   |                | PGH   | Program Counter - High Order Byte   |
|  00F1   |     Machine    | P     | Status Register                     |
|  00F2   |     Register   | SF    | Stack Pointer                       |
|         |     Storage    |       |                                     |
|  00F3   |     Buffer     | A     | Accumulator                         |
|  00F4   |                | Y     | Y-Index Register                    |
|  00F5   |                | X     | X-Index Register                    |
|  1700   |                | PAD   | 6530-003 A Data Register            |
|  1701   |   Application  | PADD  | 6530-003 A Data Direction Register  |
|  1702   |        I/O     | PBD   | 6530-003 B Data Register            |
|  1703   |                | PBDD  | 6530-003 B Data Direction Register  |
|  1704   |                |       | 6530-003 Interval Timer             |
|         | Interval Timer |       |   (See Section 1.6 of               |
|         |                |       |    Hardware Manual)                 |
|  170F   |                |       |                                     |
|  17F5   |                | SAL   | Starting Address - Low Order Byte   |
|  17F6   |   Audio Tape   | SAH   | Starting Address - High Order Byte  |
|  17F7   |   Load & Dump  | EAL   | Ending Address - Low Order Byte     |
|  17F8   |                | EAH   | Ending Address - High Order Byte    |
|  17F9   |                | ID    | File Identification Number          |
|  l7FA   |                | NMIL  | NMI Vector - Low Order Byte         |
|  l7FB   |                | NMIH  | NMI Vector - High Order Byte        |
|  l7FC   |   Interrupt    | RSTL  | RST Vector - Low Order Byte         |
|         |    Vectors     |       |                                     |
|  17FD   |                | RSTH  | RST Vector - High Order Byte        |
|  l7FE   |                | IRQL  | IRQ Vector - Low Order Byte         |
|  17FF   |                | IRQH  | IRQ Vector - High Order Byte        |
|  1800   |                | DUMPT | Start Address - Audio Tape Dump     |
|         |  Audio Tape    |       |                                     |
|  1873   |                | LOADT | Start Address - Audio Tape Load     |
|  1C00   | STOP Key + SST |       | Start Address for NMI using KIM     |
|         |                |       | "Save Nachine" Routine (Load in     |
|         |                |       | 17FA & 17FB)                        |
|  17F7   |   Paper Tape   | EAL   | Ending Address - Low Order Byte     |
|  17F8   |    Dump (Q)    | EAH   | Ending Address - High Order Byte    |

                
KIM-1 hardware


PA SAD, SADD
PB SBD  SBDD

PB0 TTY data out (can block  hardware TTY echo)
PB1 - PB4 outputs led select via 74145 6 leds O4 -O9 on/off, keypad O0-O3
PB5 TTY/audio control (block/allow inputs)
    can block TTY input and audio input
PB7 audio in/out


PA0-6 keypad + LED segments
PA7 TTY data in

74145

PB1 - PB4 to ABCD inputs
Outputs
O4 to O9 LED on U18 to U23

O0 to O3 to key rows 


PB   PB1 PB2 PB3 PB4                   													  
     A   B   C   D 
00-01   0   0   0   0  00 O0 keyrow 0      
02-03   1   0   0   0  01 O1        1     
04-05   0   1   0   0  02 O2        2 
06-07   1   1   0   0  03 O3        3

08-09   0   0   1   0  O4 LED enable U18
0A-0B   1   0   1   0  O5            U19
0C-0D   0   1   1   0  O6            U20
0E-OF   1   1   1   0  O7            U21
10-11   0   0   0   1  O8            U22
12-13   1   0   0   1  o9            U23		



Inits
 750  1E8C  A2 00     INIT1   LDX   #$00      
 751  1E8E  8E 41 17          STX   PADD      FOR SIGMA USE SADD	
PAx is input



 752  1E91  A2 3F             LDX   #$3F
 753  1E93  8E 43 17          STX   PBDD      FOR SIGMA USE SBDD
3F = 00111111
PB0 - PB5 output, PB7 input



 754  1E96  A2 07             LDX   #$07      ENABLE DATA IN
 755  1E98  8E 42 17          STX   SBD       OUTPUT
PB0 = 1 high TTY, stopbit
PB1 -PB2 high (keypad?)

PB5 low ; allow input
PB7 low : audio quiet

Print OUTSP

toggle PB0 via read SBD, AND $FE, OR $01 and write SBD, end with 1 


** SUB TO DETERMINE IF KEY IS DEPRESSED OR 

              ;          CONDITION OF SSW KEY NOT DEPRESSED OR
 805                  ;          TTY MODE  A=0
 806                  ;          KEY DEPRESSED OR KB MODE  A NOT ZERO
 807  1EFE  A0 03     AK      LDY   #$03      3 ROWS
 808  1F00  A2 01             LDX   #$01      DIGIT 0
 809  1F02  A9 FF     ONEKEY  LDA   #$FF
 810  1F04  8E 42 17  AK1     STX   SBD       OUTPUT DIGIT
via 74145 Start with digit 0, continue with next row 


 811  1F07  E8                INX             GET NEXT DIGIT
 812  1F08  E8                INX 
 813  1F09  2D 40 17          AND   SAD       INPUT SEGMENTS
and key pressed to A	

 814  1F0C  88                DEY 
 815  1F0D  D0 F5             BNE   AK1

 816  1F0F  A0 07             LDY   #$07
 817  1F11  8C 42 17          STY   SBD
back to INITS state

 818  1F14  09 80             ORA   #$80
 819  1F16  49 FF             EOR   #$FF
set high bit and inverse all
A=0 no key

 820  1F18  60                RTS 


 822  1F19  A0 00     SCAND   LDY   #$00      GET DATA                      1F19
 823  1F1B  B1 FA             LDA   (POINTL),Y  SPECIFIED BY POINT
 824  1F1D  85 F9             STA   INH       SET UP DISPLAY BUFFER

 825  1F1F  A9 7F             LDA   #$7F      CHANGE SEG
 826  1F21  8D 41 17          STA   PADD      TO OUTPUT

PA0 - PA6 output

 827  1F24  A2 09             LDX   #$09      INIT DIGIT NUMBER start with U18
 828  1F26  A0 03             LDY   #$03      OUTPUT 3 BYTES 6 hex numbers
 829  1F28  B9 F8 00  SCAND1  LDA   INL,Y     GET BYTE
 830  1F2B  4A                LSR   A         GET MSD high byte
 831  1F2C  4A                LSR   A
 832  1F2D  4A                LSR   A
 833  1F2E  4A                LSR   A
 834  1F2F  20 48 1F          JSR   CONVD     OUTPUT CHAR
 835  1F32  B9 F8 00          LDA   INL,Y     GET BYTE AGAIN
 836  1F35  29 0F             AND   #$0F      GET LSD low byte
 837  1F37  20 48 1F          JSR   CONVD     OUTPUT CHAR
 838  1F3A  88                DEY             SET UP FOR NEXT BYTE
 839  1F3B  D0 EB             BNE   SCAND1
 840  1F3D  8E 42 17          STX   SBD       ALL DIGITS OFF 
X = 0?



 841  1F40  A9 00             LDA   #$00      CHANGE SEGMENT
 842  1F42  8D 41 17          STA   PADD      TO INPUTS
PA0-PA7 inputs


 843  1F45  4C FE 1E          JMP   AK        GET ANY KEY

 844                  ;       ** CONVERT AND DISPLAY HEX (USED BY SCAND ONLY)**
show character on LED 


 845  1F48  84 FC     CONVD   STY   TEMP
 846  1F4A  A8                TAY             SAVE Y
 847  1F4B  B9 E7 1F          LDA   TABLE,Y   USE CHAR AS INDEX
 848  1F4E  A0 00             LDY   #$00      LOOKUP CONVERSION
 849  1F50  8C 40 17          STY   SAD       TURN OFF SEGMENTS
PA0-PA7 0 

 850  1F53  8E 42 17          STX   SBD       OUTPUT DIGIT ENABLE
X = LED number U18-U23 decimal  to 74145

 851  1F56  8D 40 17          STA   SAD       OUTPUT SEGMENTS
write segment from table to LED

 852  1F59  A0 7F             LDY   #$7F      DELAY 500 CYCLES
 853  1F5B  88        CONVD1  DEY   
 854  1F5C  D0 FD             BNE   CONVD1
 855  1F5E  E8                INX             GET NEXT DIGIT NUMBER
 856  1F5F  E8                INX             ADD 2
 857  1F60  A4 FC             LDY   TEMP      RESTORE Y
 858  1F62  60                RTS


GETKEY > 15 ? no key
14 = PC
10 = addressmode
11 - Datamode
12 = step
13 = RUN
0 - F - hex digit

/* RIOT2 explanation: better emulation of LED display through simulated hardware rather than 2014's ROM patch
 *  
 *  The RIOT-002 chip is used to drive the LEDs, read the keypad, and control TTY and tape.
 *  KIM Uno only emulates the LED driver and timer hardware; the keypad, TTY and tape are emulated on a higher abstraction level in the ROM
 *  
 *  On the real KIM-1, the keyboard columns are PA0-PA6 and the rows are selected through 
 *                     the display  columns are PA0-PA6 and the segment led is decoded from PB 0000 1110
 *                     teletype mode is detected when  = 1.
 *                     teletype uses PB0, PB5, PA7
 *  
 *  1740 Data port A            Selects pattern to show on a segment LED (PA0-6) and TTY (PA7)
 *  1741 Data Direction port A  Are the GPIO pins set to input or output?
 *  1742 Data port B            Selects which of the 6 segment LEDs is lit up (PB1-3), 
 *                              and also: PB0 (TTY), PB4 ???, PB5 (TTY/tape input?), PB 6(RIOT internal, ChipSelect), PB7 (tape output)
 *  1743 Data direction port B  Are the GPIO pins set to input or output?
 */

void write1740(void)            // ======== PA pins - set the individual LED segments on or off
{
  //riot2regs.ioPAD &= 0x7F;    // only the bits for the 7 LEDs in a segment LED
  
  for (uint8_t ibit=0; ibit<7; ibit++) 
      digitalWrite(kCols[ibit], (riot2regs.ioPAD & (1<<ibit))==0);       // set the bit, inverted through ==0
}

void write1741(void)            // ======== Data direction register for PA
{
  for (uint8_t ibit=0; ibit<7; ibit++) 
    if ( riot2regs.ioPADD & (1<<ibit) )
      pinMode(kCols[ibit], OUTPUT);           // set pin to output
    else
      pinMode(kCols[ibit], INPUT);           // set pin to output
}

void write1742(void)            // ======== PB pins - set which of the 6 segment LEDs is lit up
{
  uint8_t led = ((riot2regs.ioPBD - 9) >> 1) & 0b111; // identify the selected segment LED

  for (uint8_t iLed=0;iLed<6;iLed++)       // set GPIO pins of all 6 KIM-1 LED segments
  { if (iLed==led)    
      digitalWrite(ledSelect[iLed], HIGH); // power up this segment LED
    else
      digitalWrite(ledSelect[iLed], LOW);  // power down the other segment LEDs
  }
}

void write1743(void)            // ======== Data direction register for PB
{
  // TEMP: all LED pins are set to output; there's no functionality we need except that.
  for (uint8_t iLed=0;iLed<6;iLed++)
    pinMode(ledSelect[iLed], OUTPUT);  
}
} // end of C segment

Dwight Elvey designed and programmed a diagnostic board for the KIM-1, to determine what might be wrong with the KIM-1
The board switches off the 6530 ROMs and one can run tests on teh onboard ROM, looking for for defective RAM, defective LED display, defective 6530 ports.

Here I present the complete design of the board, with help and permission of Dwight Elvey, Santo Nucifora and Liu Ganning.

Debug board connected to a KIM-1 (Photo by Santo Nucifora)

Triggered by post on twitter by Santo Nucifora (snuci) showing the results of his tests on his impressive KIM-1 collection, I connected to Dwight Elvey for permission to publish the design files.
Alas, Dwight did not have the circuit diagram, only the pcb drawings and binary of the ROM. With the aid of Santo Nucifora the instructions and sources of the debug board pack surfaced and the circuit could be reconstructed.

Debug board in action, defective transistors at LED display (Photo by Santo Nucifora)

Debug board in action,KIM-1 is healthy! (Photo by Santo Nucifora)

In November 20121 Liu. the designer of the PAL-1, asked help with his defective KIM-1, it was dead. So I gave him all the information I got from Dwight and he recreated the circuit, made a PCB and started testing his kIM-1.

From the vcfed.org forum, notes by Dwight Elvey

I’ve (Dwight) been debugging my KIM-1 and while doing so, hopefully helping others. What does one do when it doesn’t work? One can check some obvious places like the clock signals, reset pulse, interrupts and sync signal. Beyond that there is little that one can do with the monitor code dead. The problem could be any of the chips, from the simplest 7404 to one of the RRIOT chips. I’ve always said that one should write code and use an EPROM to test the functions of the board. Now I’m putting actions to these words. First one needs to create a place to put an EPROM if there is no socket. That is what I did for the KIM1. I have created a small board with a minimum of parts on a prototype board.

A little about the circuit. It is designed to run with a minimal amount of the KIM computer working. The processor has to be able to execute code and access the data but and addresses. The code I’ve written also expects the KIM’s address decoder chip to be functioning. In order to work, the debug board uses both connectors for signals. The expansion connector is mostly used but three signals are needed from the application connector. You’ll need 2 44 pin connectors.
The board disables the KIM’s ROM and takes over boot. One typically the sets the reset vector to $0C00 and assembles the code there (in other words the the reset vector need to be at $0FFC as the EPROM will be seen at $0FFFC as well as $0FFC, being dual mapped. In fact the EPROM will also be mirrored at every 1K if A15=1. This can be useful if KIM’s addresses decoder doesn’t work.
There are 2 LEDs on the debug board. One LED is on if it sees a access to the 1K space at $0C00 to $0FFF. It is not a fool proof indicator but if lit generally indicates that code is executing.
It can only be reset with the reset signal ( RS on the keyboard ). The other LED is a status light. It can be turned on and off from code. A write to $1000 of the D0=1 will turn it on and a write with D0=0 will turn it off. It provides a minimal feedback until KIM’s 7 segment LEDs are found to be functional. It also is needed to verify that the 1K RAM at address 0 is functional.
The RAM is needed to be able to use the stack and any zero page address. It can also be use to just blink to make sure a long running test is still working.

Downloads

• The sources, ROM, instructions, PCB design, from Dwight Elvey
• Cicuit, PCB design, gerbers, from Liu

Instructions

(from file DBINSTR.TXT)

Diagnostic Debug for the KIM-1 and 6530 to 6532 adapter

The diagnostic EPROM can hold up to 16 1K diagnostic or other programs.
Most of these diagnostic programs are intended to take over reset from 
the onboard ROMs in order to run various diagnostic test on the KIM-1 
hardware.
The control of which to boot from is controlled by the DB switch.
With a working monitor, it can be run by opening the DB switch.
The Diagnostic Debug board is also used to initialize the EEPROM on 
the 6530 to 6532 adapter with either the code for -002 or -003 ROM 
data. When the switch on the Diagnostic Debug board has the DB 
position turned on, the boot vevtors come from the EPROM on the 
Diagnostic Debug board.
Any 1K address above 8000H will be decoded from the 1k block selected
by the switch S0 to S3. Note that the switch between DB and S0 is not
used.
These 1k blocks are always decoded from 8000H as long as the DB switch
is on. This takes over the interupt and boot vectors.
There is always a 1K block decoded at 0C00 to 0FFF as well. This is 
available, even if booted from the monitors ROM, regardless of the DB 
switch position.
The main thing the DB switch does is allow the boot to happen from the
Diagnostic Debug EPROM rather than from a possibly defective -002
monitor ROM.
Each 1K test block is intended be run in sequence. This allows one to
test and diagnose a single area of the KIM-1 at a time. 
Many test depend on the passing of the previous test. An obvious 
example is if there is a RAM failure the display test is likely to
fail as well.
A failure of a later test may not be a positive indication that the
failure is what the test is testing for if a previous test has failed.
One should diagnose and repair the earliest test first.



Test 0  Flash
 Switch setting:
  DB on
  --
  S0 on
  S1 on
  S2 on
  S3 on
  This is a minimal test of the processor. All it does
is slowly flash the Green LED on the diagnostic board.
It is initiated by the reset switch, on the keyboard of the KIM-1
( RS ).
This test only uses the processor, addresss decoder and data bus.
If it fails to run. It will be a problem in one of these areas.
This test does not use any of the RAM in either the 2102s or in
either of the 6530 RAM areas. It only uses a few instructions and
is not a complete CPU diagnostic.
Remember the processor includes clocks and reset vector and possible
MNI stuck.
As a bonous some of the extra space has the program Astroids from the
First Book of Kim. It the normal KIM-1 monitor is running, one can
play if by setting the same switches as Flash except DB to off.
set the address at 0E00 and GO.
Use 0 and 3 to move your space ship to avoid the astroids.

Test 1  RAMTEST
 Switch setting:
  DB on
  --
  S0 off
  S1 on
  S2 on
  S3 on
 This test does a simple stuck at test of the RAM by writing and
reading 055H and 0FFH to each location in the 2102 RAM array. 
A passing indication is that the Green LED will blink at about 1
seconds rate for 8 time then on the 9th it will stay lit.
Should there be a failure the Green LED will blink out the failing
bit number. A 1 second blink indicates a good bit and a short blink
indicates a failed bit. After the 8th blink it will stay unlit.
If all the bits fail it may be an address decoder problem.
A single bit failure is likely a single RAM or the bus buffer.
The blink code starts with bit D0 and blinks through to D7.
This test does not test or use the 6530/2 RAM for vaiables during the 
test, other than the RAM it test. It only runs
in the processor's internal registers. This is not easy to do
for a 6502. This is the reason it doesn't also indicate the failed
address as well as the bit. This would likely need the variable space
that is under test.
Once this test passes, later test will assume that the RAM
on Page0 and Page1 are functional and use them as most 6502 programs
do.
There are still possible address errors that RAMs can have.
This test is initiated by the RS reset button on the keyboard.
As an example, a long-long-short-long-long-long-long-long
blink code would indicat that bit D2 was failing. In other
words the blink code is D0 first to D7 last. With the board
such that the key board is on the lower right, the RAM
chips blink from top to bottom for the blink codes. Each blink is
one RAM chip position.

Test 2  Display
 Switch setting:
  DB on
  --
  S0 on
  S1 off
  S2 on
  S3 on
This test the displays. It will also flash the green LED just in case
the display isn't working so that you know that the test is running.
It sequences 0000 00 to FFFF FF. Not much else to say here.

Test 3 KeyBd
 Switch setting:
  DB on
  --
  S0 off
  S1 off
  S2 on
  S3 on
This is used to test the keyboard. It test all the buttons.
Pressing RS will restart the test. ST will light the green
light ( use RS to turn it off if you like ).
The other keys will display the row and column for each button.
Refer to the schematic for a reference.
As an example, the E button will display 2 G.
Try each switch from 0 to GO to see what unique combination
is created. This test is run with the small, on/off, switch
on the keyboard in the OFF position.
This switch can be tested by using the single step function
as described in the KIM-1 Users manual, with the normal KIM-1
monitor.

Key table:
   ROW  COL
0   0    G
1   0    F
2   0    E
3   0    d
4   0    c
5   0    b
6   0    A
7   1    G
8   1    F
9   1    E
A   1    d
B   1    c
C   1    b
D   1    A
E   2    G
f   2    F
AD  2    E
DA  2    d
PC  2    A
+   2    c
GO  2    b

Test 4 CRC2
 Switch setting:
  DB on
  --
  S0 on
  S1 on
  S2 off
  S3 on
This test the ROM data for -002. It will flash the CRC generated
from reading the entire ROM. It should read C219. It does this
in a continuous loop. That is why the display flashes, because
it is rerunning the CRC code and not updating the display.
Any erratic value could be an indication of ROM failue.

Test 5 CRC3
 Switch setting:
  DB on
  --
  S0 off
  S1 on
  S2 off
  S3 on
This test the ROM data for -003. It is the same as CRC2 but the
CRC numbers are 5EA4 instead, for the -003 chip.

Test 6 64RAM2
 Switch setting:
  DB on
  --
  S0 on
  S1 off
  S2 off
  S3 on
This test the 64 bits of RAM in the -002 6530 chip. It uses the
March C algorythm. This is a very good test. If it passes, it says
'Good'. If it fails it says 'Bad nn' Where the nn indicates the
bad address. Say it displayed Bad C9'. That would indicate that the
address 1700 + C9 = 17C9 failed. Make sure to start the test from a 
clean reset by pushing the RS when changing the debug switches or
when powering up.

Test 7 64RAM3
 Switch setting:
  DB on
  --
  S0 off
  S1 off
  S2 off
  S3 on
This test the 64 bits of RAM in the -003 6530 chip. It uses the
March C algorythm. This is a good test. If it passes, it says
'Good'. If it fails it says 'Bad nn' Where the nn indicates the
bad address. Say it displayed 'Bad 92'. That would indicate thath the
address 1700 + 92 = 1792 failed. Make sure to start the test from a 
clean reset by pushing the RS when changing the debug switches or
when powering up.

Test 8 EEPROM2
  DB on
  --
  S0 on
  S1 on
  S2 on
  S3 off
This is not really a test. This is code to program the EEPROM on
the -002 adapter module. The EEPROM on the adapter is not programmed.
this must be done on the KIM-1 by this program.
Install the adpater observing the proper orientation with the KIM
powered off.
The yellow jumper is for the -002 decode. It must be intact. The red
jumper enables EEPROM programming.
Set the switches as above and hit the RS button then power up. 
This loads the programming code into RAM. Make sure to
do a clean reset (RS) after setting up the switches for this code.
The programming code is loaded into RAM in a millisecond or so. The
only indication is that the RED LED will be lit.
The image for the EEPROM is a full 1024 bytes and the diagnosic code
window in memory is only 1024 bytes. It is not possible to have the
programming code and the ROM image in the same debug switch settings.
Once the code is in RAM, it waits for you to select the ROM image
by the debug switch settings.
You do this by changing the Debug switches to:
  DB on
  --
  S0 off
  S1 on
  S2 on
  S3 off
Make sure the upper left keyboard switch is in the off position.
Now press the ST button. This causes a NMI interrupt that starts
the programming cycle.
The green light should flash quickly. This indicated that the programming
is continuing OK.
If the Green LED then goes off, the programming is complete.
If the Green LED comes on steady, the programming has failed.
It would be wise to test that the EEPROM is working. Hold the RS
button down and set the DB to off. Releasing the RS should start the
normal KIM-1 monitor( it usually requires the AD or some switch
selected to determine user input source.
If it is working, it is wise to now cut the red wire loop at the end
of the adapter board ( only the red wire the other is -002/-003 select ).
This blocks the accidental writes to the EEPROM. I recommend leaving
a little wire as you might want to change the programming at some
future time.

Test 10 EEPROM3
  DB on
  --
  S0 on
  S1 off
  S2 on
  S3 off
This is not really a test. This is code to program the EEPROM on
the -003 adapter module. The EEPROM on the adapter is not programmed.
this must be done on the KIM-1 by this program.
Install the adpater observing the proper orientation with the KIM
powered off.
The yellow jumper is part of the decode for -003. The yellow jumper
must be cut for -003 location. The red jumper enables programming.
Set the switches as above and hit the RS button then power up. 
This loads the programming code into RAM. Make sure to
do a clean reset (RS) after setting up the switches for this code.
The programming code is loaded into RAM in a millisecond or so. The
only indication is that the RED LED will be lit.
The image for the EEPROM is a full 1024 bytes and the diagnosic code
window in memory is only 1024 bytes. It is not possible to have the
programming code and the ROM image in the same debug switch settings.
Once the code is in RAM, it waits for you to select the ROM image
by the debug switch settings.
You do this by changing the Debug switches to:
  DB on
  --
  S0 off
  S1 off
  S2 on
  S3 off
Make sure the upper left keyboard switch is in the off position.
Now press the ST button. This causes a NMI interrupt that starts
the programming cycle.
The green light should flash quickly. This indicated that the programming
is continuing OK.
If the Green LED then goes off, the programming is complete.
If the Green LED comes on steady, the programming has failed.
It would be wise to test that the EEPROM is working.
You might run CRC3, Test 5 to verify or check the values
through the KIM-1 monitor.
It is wise to now cut the red wire loop at the end of the adapter board.
This blocks the accidental writes to the EEPROM. I recommend leaving
a little wire as you might want to change the programming at some
future time.
-003 EEPROM code has a large blank portion of code space near the
end. You might want to want some special code that is always resident
that you could put it this space. It is starting at 1A96 and ending
at 1BF9. This is 356 bytes for a small perminent piece of code.
Of course any change to the -003 EEPROM will also change the CRC3
results. It is wise to write it down to ensure it you still have
a -003 valid test.

This is all the test in Debug EPROM. The remaining switch locations
are available for other use. If you want the KIM-1 to boot to this
code make sure to put the reset vector at the end of the 1K block.
With the DB swith to the on position and a RS reset, it will run
the EPROM code. It can be run at 0C00 to 0FFF or at FC00 to FFFF.
If the DB switch is off, code on the EPROM must be started from
the KIM-1 monitor. It will only be seen at 0C00 to 0FFF and is
not seen in the upper memory window as it would be to boot to
the debug code.
There are 4 completely unused 1K blocks left in the debug EPROM. Also
if you look at each of the test, you'll note that most of the test only
use a small portion of the 1k block. One can always add one's code
in one of these blank areas. Just remember that the code will be
offset into the 1K window starting at 0C00.
Before adding of edition the debug EPROM, make sure to make a copy
of the original EPROM.
The unused bytes, of the debug 1K blocks are all 00s so the entire
EPROM would need to be erased and editied in an external image of
the EPROM before writng an new code.
The unused 4 1K block are 0FF and can be programed without erasing
the EPROM.