About small SBC systems
Motivated by Jeffrey Brace of VCF I have scanned and published Microcomputer Systems Principles featuring the 6502 KIM, Authors Camp, Smay and Triska
Introduction to KIM-1 programming, 6502, and also 6800 and 8080.
Microcomputer Systems Principles featuring the 6502 KIM, Camp, Smay and Triska
While I was working on my KIM-1 emulator, I did a lot of research in my own archive and the internet and found this website was not showing all I have offline.
So lots of updates, enhancements, scans, software, magazines added, before the programming continues on the emulator!
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The KIM-1 design inspired many designers of 6502 systems, mimicking either the unique LED and keypad setup or by having the same application/expnsion connector
Notable are:
– SYM-1 Application and expansion connector, LED and keypad display, tape format
– AIM 65 Application and expansion connector, tape format
– MCS Alpha 1 LED and keypad display, tape format
– Elektor Junior LED and keypad display, tape format
– KIM Uno emulator LED and keypad display
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A KIM clone developed by Paul Lamer for track testing at races. The Super KIM was sold us board also, as advertisements show.
A true KIM clone with both 6530 RRIOTs, 4K Bytes RAM (8x 2114), 8 bit latched priority interrupts, 4 6522 VIAs, 16K Bytes EPROM (4x 2732), Power supply on baord, tri-state address and databus buffers, KIM-1 edge card connectors.
Read here about the background of this kind of track testing (from this site
Microprocessor based System for Roll-down and Acceleration Tests, IEEE publication, January 1978 D.K. Lynn, C. Derouin, P. Lamar
Computerized Road Test System, Brochure Lamar Instruments, John Dinkel, Road & Track, Car and Driver, April 1982
Superkim brochure Laman Enterprises
ET-2 meets Superkim, Part 1 and 2 , Don Mcallister, Robots age Fall 1980. Describes how to inetrafce the Superkim to a Lour Control ET-2 robot shell.
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Found this photo in a Facebook group, no more information known. Looks like a standard KIM-1 with 2114 SRAM ICs. |
On team6502 I found a photo of a prototype KIM-1 at MOS Technologies, Terry Holdt has this in his office.
The layout is different from the final product, everything seems to be present on this prototype.
A KIM-1 clone build by Bob Applegate of Corsham technologies.
Somewhat inspired by the microKIM by Vince Briel, who was inpired by Ruud Baltissen! The idea is replace the 6530’s with 6532 and by careful memory decoding have the I/O, timer and RAM of the 6532’s appear at the same locations as the 6530-002 and -003. ROM is added with an EPROM.
Not an exact copy, the ROM has been changed/enhanced with a KIM Monitor by Bob, though the original KIM-1 ROM should work also.
Available assembled and tested or as a kit. I have bought the PCB and plan to build it! And also bought the assemnbled version 2 with expansion connector
Here a selection of interesting 6502/KIM and general RB electronics/computer articles, written by me and others, (in Dutch) in Radio Bulletin in the period 1977 to 1987. Note that some articles were reprinted in the CB specials, see the RB Specials page.
Scanned full older Radio Bulletin magazines (and many more) at NVHR
When I was an editor at Radio Bulletin we published several specials. Some were additions to the magazine, two specials were on sale.
The KIM-1 has 2K ROM, in two 1K maskable ROMS of the 6530-002 and 6530-003.
The 6530-002 implements a TTY interface, a keyboard interface (hence the name Keyboard Interface Monitor) and 6 7 segment LED displays.
6530-003 is an audio cassette recorder extention of the KIM monitor.
On this page binaries and source listings and assembler sources for various assemblers.
6530-002.bin 2017-05-241024 $1C00-$1FFF
6530-002 ROM
6530-003.bin 2017-05-241024 $1800-$1BFF
6530-003 ROM
– 002 Plus 003 in Papertape format
Source code listings
Listing from the User Manual appendix
Listing from the User Manual appendix in text HTML format
Listing from the User Manual appendix in text format
Assembler sources
Source in MOS Technology format
Source in Ruud Baltissen assembler format
Source in CC65 format
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Microcomputer Systems Principles featuring the 6502 KIM, Camp, Smay and Triska |
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KIM brochure MOS Technology |
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KIM MOS Technology System products KIM-3B memory, KIM-4 motherboard, KIM-5 RAE, KIM-6 Prototyping |
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Es Lebe der KIM-1 ELCOMP article how to start with the KIM-1, includes sample programs and a LED hardware experiment. |
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A 2k Symbolic Assembler for the 6502 Source and description of a small 6502 symbolic assembler for the 6502 such as KIM-1 or SYM-1, Robert Ford Denison |
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A programmers guide to the KIM-1 German introduction the the hardware of KIM-1 and KIMClone, Erik Bartmann Introduction Hardware Programming |
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KIM cursus Digitaal schakelen Dutch course on programming the KIM-1 by KIM User Club Siep de Vries. |
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The KIM-1 as eight-channel datalogger Hardware and system description, James Campbell, John Forest 1984 |
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Computer Performance of Music Hal Chamberlin, Byte 1977 |
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KIM Hypertape Hyper about slow Load Times, Kilobaud, Jim Butterfield |
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Computers in Classrooms Teaching the teachers, Lance Leventhal, Kilobaud 20 1978 |
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KIM-1 60K RAM board Corsham Technologies still sells this versatile modern board |
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Schematic of KIM-1 60K RAM board. Memory test program |
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KIM-1 I/O board Corsham Technologies still sells this I/O board for the KIM-1, bringing audio and TTY easy accessible. |
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Schematic of KIM-1 I/O board. |
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A KIM-1 Sidereal/Solar clock John O. Bumgarner, Interface Age, August 1977 |
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Highest-speed audio dump Program by U.O. Schröder |
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Huey Calculator Don Rindsberg, adapted by C.Bond |
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Pocket Calculator KIM Club Publication For LED display or TTY KIM Kenner version by Siep de Vries |
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Suppress echo of TTY Get Character Prevent echo when reading a character from the TTY input and make TTY input deaf, written by Hans Otten. KIM Kenner 17. Page 1, Page 2, making deaf idea by Siep de Vries in KIM Kenner 5 |
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KIM-1 versus SYM-1 routines Equivalent but slightly different KIM-1 and SYM-1 ROM routines |
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KIM Tape Copy v1.1 KIM Tape Copy v1.1, copy all files on a KIM cassette. Uses two recorders attached as shown in the Micro Ade manual. Source in Micro Ade format Listing of Tape Copy |
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2708 programmer EPROM-Programmierer KIM-1:2708, Ingo Dohman, 65XX MICROMAG |
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A Digital Video Display System on KIM-1 N. Solntseff M.D. Drummond |
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KIM-1 expansion Non-volatile DS1220 SRAM 2KB, 128K Flash How to flash the 28F010, assembler source |
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Real-time exec for KIM-1 KIM-1 Microcomputer Module a user’s note by T.E. Travis, Microtek August 1976 |
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KIM-1 TTY tot RS-232-C
Circuit diagram how to connect the current loop KIM-1 TTY interface to RS-232-C. Hans Otten |
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Improved KIM Communications RS-232-C interface, extra serial output listing, Micro June 1981, Ralph Tenny |
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Data exchange between KIM-1 and TRS-80 Datenaustausch zwischen KIM und TRS-80, Claus Wunsche, 65XX Micromag |
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KIMATH and MATHPAC KIMATH is a floating point package, 16 digit precision for the KIM-1 6502 system. Original MOS Technology listings, binary, documents in PDF and text format, sources. MATHPAS is a supplement by John Eaton, Dr Dobbs nr 20, to aid in using KIMATH. Original article in PDF and text format. |
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KIM Memory test For TTY and KIM keypad. Siep de Vries, KIM user Club |
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Driving the bits of the display directly Shows how to light any segment of the KIM-1 LED display. |
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TSC Listing of games for the KIM-1 via the TTY interface. Easy to adapt to any 6502 machine. |
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An 8080 Simulator for the KIM-1 Listing of 8080 CPU simulator, Dan Mccreary. |
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KIM goes to the Moon Lunar Lander game, Jim Butterfield, Byte April 1977. |
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Frontpanel for the KIM: UPanel Hardware and software for a frontpanel, George Laing, January 1979 |
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KIM-1 Breakpoint Routines Breakpoint routines, willi Kushe, Dr Dobbs June 1977. |
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KIM-1 Disassembler Apple disassembler ported to KIM-1 T. E. Bridge, Dr Dobbs Number 20 |
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KIM-1 Extended Monitor Users Manual OSI Extended Monitor ported to KIM-1 |
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KIM-1 Microprocessor Fundamentals Seminar workbook R. Bennett, J. Ross |
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Is the KIM-1 For Every-1 Introduction to the KIM-1 Robert M. Tripp Kilobaud August 1977 |
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Where is KIM going News on the KIM-1 Richard Simpson, Kilobaud 1977 |
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Build the TVT-6 A low cost direct video display Part 1, July, Part 2 August, Don Lancaster, Popular Electronics, 1977 |
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Introduction and hardware experiments Marvin L. de Jong, SAMS 1980 |
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Experimenting with the 6551 Introduction to the 6551 Marvin L. de Jong, Compute 10 March 1981 |
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KIM-1 in FPGA Make a KIM-1 clone with the cheap EP2C5T144 FPGA board. Connect via TTY or add a physical LED and keypad like the KIM-1. Presentation by Stephen A. Edwards Archive with the design files |
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LEDIP A KIM/6502 Text Editor Line editor source, Kium Akingbehin, Dr Dobbs Number 29 |
A page devoted to magazines that paid much attention to the KIM-1.
The first two magazines are of dutch origin, in which I was a major contributor and (chief) editor.
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KIM/6502 KennerThe KIM/6502 Kenner magazine, published by the dutch KIM user Club, has of course many articles on the KIM-1. |
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Radio BulletinFrom 1977 to 1986 Radio Bulletin published many articles written by me and others about the KIM-1. |
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MICRO The 6502 JournalPublished by Robert M. Tripp, The Computerist |
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Compute!A magazine devoted mostly to 6502 computers. Apart from the Compute II period, before and afterwards also the small SBCs like IM-1 got attention of Compute! |
Compute II was a short lived split-off of Compute! and also a continuation of the KIM-1/6502 User Notes. Three issues and it was merged back with Compute! again.
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HTML version of Issue 1 PDF of Compute II Issue 1 |
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HTML version of Issue 2 PDF of Compute II Issue 2 |
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HTML version of Issue 3 PDF of Compute II Issue 3 |
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KIM-1/6502 User Notes is a publication about the KIM-1, slowly evolving to other 6502 systems like SYM-1 and AIM 65. Editor was the famous Eric Rehnke. After issue 17 it merged with Compute II. |
KIM-1 / 6502 USER NOTES INDEX BY SUBJECT VOLUME 1(Issues 1 till 6)
APPLICATIONS FOR KIM GENERAL INFORMATION
Application suggestions 1 Correction To Memory Map -------- 2
Calculator--Interface 4 Defective 6502 chips------------- 3
Interface 6 Discussion of Memory Allocation - 5
--T.I.5050 5 DISPLAY (on board)
Chess Clock Program 4 red filter for-----------------5
CONTROLLING Use of------------------------------1,5
--- Function Generator 1 EXPANSION OF SYSTEM
--- Light Intensity 4 KIMSI--------------------------4
--- Motor Speed 4 MEMORY
--- Touch tone encoder 1 Adding memory to KIM-1--------5
Degree Dispatch Computer 5 Diagnostic------------------- 2,5
Frequency Counter 3 Expansion---------------------4,3
OSI Memory-------------------------3
GAMES Using SD Sales 4K RAM Board 3
Bagels----------------- 5 Hardware tips
Battleship--------------6 Packaging KIM-1 --------------- 6,3
Horserace-------------- 3 Power Supply for KIM ---------- 4
Hunt the Wampus-------- 2 Red Filter for Display----------5
Jotto------------------ 5 INTERVAL TIMERS :
Kimmaze---------------- 4 The Other Timer-----------------2
Microchess------------- 3 and cassette 2
Mastermind------------- 5 Use Of--------------------------5,5
Moon Lander-----------1,3 MIKIM------------------------------5
HEDEX Program 1 OPERATION TIPS
MATH TEST Program 4 Using SST ---------------------2
Mini-l Loran-c 6 Using ST to start programs----4
MUSIC:KlugeHarp 3,2,6,6 Page 1 Programming Problems--------6
Real Time Clock 4, 5 Packaging your KIM-1---------------3
Square wave generator 5 Power Supply-----------------------4
Stopwatch Program 2 Presetting 00F1, 00F2 4
Telephone Dialer 4,4 System Architecture 3
Packaging your KIM-1---------------3
CASSETTE PROBLEMS/SUGGESTIONS Presetting 00F1, 00F2 4
Certification of tape 6 System Architecture 3
Copying Cassette tape 3 TABLES for KIM-1
Fast tape problems 6 Interval Timer Table------------3
Hypertape 2,6 Relative Branch table----------2
Interval timer/cassette 1 OP Code table-------------------4
Notes on cassette 6 Techniques
PLL set program 5 Mnemonic Improvement------------41
PROBLEMS with Cassette 3 BIT Data---------------41
Software control of tape Top Down Programming 4
reading 4 Modifications/ IMPROVEMENTS
Speed up 4 Crystal Stabilization------------5
Supertape 2 Factory Mods. -------------------4
Supertape improvement 4 6502 Register Monitor Apparatus 4
Tape Certifying 6 74Ls145 ------------------------ 3,4
Tape Dupe 4 6502 Microprocessor Board-----------6
Using Cassette 6 POWER ON RESET CIRCUIT 3
Varification of Data 4 NOTES FROM THE FACTORY 5
Vutape 2
INDEX Issue 13
SOFTWARE FEATURE 1
KIM Hexpawn (your KIM can learn to win) Robert C. Leedon
6502 OP CODES (arranged logically for easy look up) Jim Butterfield 6
CASSETTE INTERFACE STUFF 7
Tape Verify II Dr. Barry Tepperman
Radio Tape Feedback Daniel Gardner
Reliability Hint John Watney
Help Relay Package Fixit Mike Firth
Tape File Recovery Routine Loel Swank
KIM Software On Cassette
LANGUAGE LAB 10
Focal
I/O Mods Editor
Functions Editor
Basic
I/O Mods Marvin De Jong
A Basic Question Editor
Basic Timing Comments F. E. Kempisty
KIM Basic Hint Micro-Z Company
Basic Renumber Program Harvey Herman
Tiny Basic
Two Tiny Basic Mods Michael Day
Ramblings About T.B. Lew Edwards
Forth
Forth Comments Example John P. Oliver
Assemblers
Two Pass Patch To Aresco Assembler John Eaton
Mods To MSS Assembler Richard M. Bender
DESSIGN CORNER 16
A 6522 I/O Board
KIM-4 BUS PINOUT 18
VIDEO GRAPHICS 19
Video Displays Editor
Comments On Visible Memory Lew Edwards
TVT-6 Adventure Dennis Chaput
TVT-6 RAM Expansion Michael Allen
Polymorphics Video Board Mods Editor
DEBUG 21
Slow Stepper IV Lew Edwards
LETTERS COMMENTS 22
SOFTWARE LIBRARY
Multi-Mode Adder Jim Butterfield
Pseudo-Random Number Generator H. T. Gordon
ASCII Dump Program Jim Zuber
Keyboard Debounce Routine Thomas J. Rubens
Sound Effects Program Bob Carlson
Melodies For The Music Box Douglas Lyon
'Do Loops'; For KIM Dave Skillman
INTERFACE 26
Camera Speed Tester Mike Firth
Low-Cost Modem Possibility Editor
RPN Calculator Chip Interface Editor
Power-On Reset George Hawkins
The Outside World Connection Editor
More On The Opto-Isolator Dwight Egbert
NEW PRODUCTS 28
Video Driver Package
Price Decrease On Jolt Boards
A 8080 Simulator For The 6502
Eprom Programmer
INDEX Issue 14
INDEX
EDITORIAL
SOFTWARE FEATURES 1
KIM BANNER PROGRAM JIM ZUBER
6KIM DISASSEMBLER
CHECK-OUT ROBERT LARRABEE
LANGUAGE LAB 12
BASIC
MOD AND PROGRAMMING HINT HEINZ JOACHIM SCHILLING
OUTPUT PAGING MOD DICK GRABOWSKY
RENUMBER ADDENDUM AND SOME MODS HARVEY HERMAN
AUTOMATIC LINE NUMBER ENTRY MOD SEAN MCKENNA
A NEW COMMAND DICK GRABOWSKY
PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENT
'USR' FUNCTION INFO C. KINGSTON
FOCAL
TINY BASIC
FORTH
XPL0
SYM SECTION 18
ACCESSING THE SYM DISPLAYS A.M. MACKAY
SYM NOTES & KIM-4 COMPATIBILITY C. KINGSTON
WUMPUS MUSIC BOX MODS JIM ADAMS
AIM SECTION 19
MANUAL CORRECTIONS JODY NELIS
VIDEO TVT-6 23
POLYMORPHICS VIDEO/KIM INTERFACE MIKE FIRTH
TVT-6 NOTES & RAM EXPANSION MILAN MERHAR
INTERFACING TO THE TVT II JOHN M. RENSBERGER
CASSETTE STUFF 25
MAKE A SHORT CASSETTE TED BEACH
CASSETTE DIRECTORY PRINTOUT PROGRAM CHRIS MCCORMACK
ANNOUNCEMENTS REVIEWS
Updated March 2020, Linux compilation checked, bugs fixed.
To aid in the handling of KIM-1 program and dataformats I have written some programs for Windows and Linux (Raspbian), sources included.
KIMPaper
KIM Tape WAV to BIN conversion
Convert 8 bit hex formats
Convert KIM Tape To Text
KIM-1 simulator
All programs come with source (Free Pascal Lazarus), compiled for Windows but thanks to Freepascal and Lazarus also compiled and tested on Linux.
Note that the Conver8bitHexFormat program is also capable of converting to and from Papertape format from many more formats.
Originally written for the launch of the MicroKIM, an older version is on the support CD.
When you attach a serial device like the teletype or a modern PC with Hyperterminal you can use the TIM monitor of the KIM-1. One of the functions is loading from and saving to a papertape device on the teletype. Now since this is a way to load and save data as a textfile this is in fact quite useful.
The Micro-KIM triggered me to modernize my conversion utility for MOS Technology papertape format dating from 1983, VAX/VMS and Turbo Pascal. A Windows and a commandline/console version are available.
KIMPAPER for Windows
A program for Windows to convert between papertape and binary format.
Windows setup KIMPAPER
Sources (Freepascal Lazarus, build also on Linux)
KIMPAPER V1.1 for DOS
Not too modern, but handy, a commandline utility. Does exactly the same as the Windows program KIMPAPER. Runs fine in a commandline DOS box. Can also be compiled for Linux with Freepascal. In the KIMPAPER DOS archive the program, source and information on the program and papertape format can be found.
C:\MICROKIM>kimpaper KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 Syntax is: KIMPAPER [-[b|p] filename [startaddress] C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper -h KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 Syntax is: KIMPAPER [-[b|p|h] filename [startaddress] first parameter switches -h help -p convert to papertape -b convert to binary second parameter (first if no parameters, assumed binary to papertape) name of file to convert .BIN for binary, forces conversion to PAPertape .PAP for papertape, forces conversion to BINary third parameter (assumed 0000 if not present) startaddress for BIN to papertape conversion Files of type .BIN wil force conversion to papertape.PAP Files of type .PAP wil force conversion to binary .BIN Examples: C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper mastermind.bin 0200 KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 C:\MICROKIM>kimpaper mastermind.pap KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 Start address 0200 in file mastermind.BIN
A general purpose utility to convert common 8 bit hex and binary formats, such as Intel HEX, Motorola S records, MOS Papertape, hex format and binary files.
Windows program, source files (Freepascal Lazarus, also for Linux).
Available formats:
KIM Tape to Text is a utility to convert between binary format of a KIM-1 tape dump to a DOS text file.
The KIM tape dump is a binary file and is just a dump of part of the memory of the KIM-1.
This binary file can be a text file as used in editors Micro Ade or CW Assm/TED.
By using the tape write routine in the KIM-1 one can write an audio file on cassette.
When this audio file is captured on a PC as WAV file (22K, mono) this can be converted back to a binary memory dump with ED’s Utility KIMTape
These text files can be converted to DOS text files with this utility.
First open the binary file. If this is recognized as Micro Ade or CW Moser format, the Save as text file can be used.
Windows program.
Full source for Freepascal and Lazarus, no Windows dependencies. Compiled on 64 bits Windows 10 as 32 bit application.
Note on detection of assembler editor type
1. Micro Ade file must start with CR: when present this is Micro Ade
line nr follows 2 byte
line ends with $0D
file ends with $40
2. Assm/Ted by CW Moser starts with line number $10 $00
end of line is high bit set
There may be rare situations that a file starts with a $0D or a different line nr. You can force CW Mose detection by changing this to a sequence of $10 $00 $0D and if necessary blanks $20 to make it consistent. If in doubts: use an editor that shows the file in hex (Ultra Edit, or the free Notepad ++, Text editor PRO) and study the tape file.
Methods to get the binary file out of a Junior or KIM-1.
Read the record tape into a binary with Ed’s KIMTAPE conversion *see below). It is MS-DOS and runs fine in VDOS (https://www.vdos.info/) or DOsbox (slow).
Make a note of start address as shown by KIMTAPE.
Non-printing ASCII characters are filtered out of the resulting text file.
Not my program, but so handy!
KIMTAPE v0.5 – tape conversion utility for KIM-1 and SYM-1 (2004-05-17) Local copy of http://dxforth.mirrors.minimaltype.com/#kimtape)
KIMTAPE allows programs stored on cassette tape to be decoded to a program file. It handles both MOS Technology KIM-1 and Synertek SYM-1 tape formats including HYPERTAPE. The reverse process – converting a program file to an audio wavefile is also possible, allowing one to produce perfectly regenerated cassettes. KIMTAPE works with 8-bit mono WAV, VOC or RAW audio files recorded
at 22050 samples per second.
Download: kimtap05.zip (MS-DOS) It is MS-DOS and runs fine in VDOS (https://www.vdos.info/) or DOsbox (slow).
The binary files in the KIM-1 program archives have been reproduced, from the original cassette recordings, with the tool KIMTAPE on a PC in a DOS box. See Eds DX-Forth and Utilities Page for this and other nice programs.
This program also makes it possible to reproduce the original cassette recordings that can be read by a KIM-1.
The files were made as follows: The KIM-1 cassette audio was connected to the PC audio input and (with e.g. Audacity) recorded as a wave file (mono 22KHz).
For example: qchess.wav
The wave file was then converted with KIMTAPE to a binary file (the exact content of of the KIM-1 memory when recorded).
And the KIMTAPE utility then displays load address (for example and tape ID
c:\kimtape qchess.wav qchess.bin KIMTAPE version 0.5 17-May-04 infile: qchess.wav outfile: qchess.BIN Program 01 address 0200 checksum OK xxxx bytes done
This .bin file (any extension is fine!) is NOT a wave file! It contains the exact content of the KIM-1 memory when recorded. The size is exactly the number of bytes as stored in the memory of the KIM-1 and much smaller than the wave file. This binary file can be converted back to a wave file with KIMTAPE or converted to a papertape file with KIMPAPER:
C:\kimtape -M -A0200 -D01 -B2 qchess.bin qchess.wav
As you can see: you have to specify the load address and the program ID. The B parameter indicates hypertape speed (2 here, slow)
The resulting wav file should be acceptable for the KIM-1. It is (as I have tested) acceptable as input for KIMTAPE!
All command parameters can be seen by typing KIMTAPE without parameters:
Work in progress, 6502/65C02 CPU emulation, disassembler, TTY, KIM-1 keypad and LEDs.
