Tiny Basic for the KIM-1 and the TIM in the Superjolt

Tiny Basic interpreter Copyright 1976 Itty Bitty Computers, used by permission

Tiny Basic on the Superjolt

On this page information how to run Tiny Basic, by Tom Pittman, for the KIM-1 or a TIM (RRIOT 6530-004) based machine, like Jolt and Superjolt, with 4K RAM at least extra.
Any 6502 machine with character I/O can run Tiny Basic, source is available with just a few changes to be made to I/O, memory layout and breaktest. Note that most of the zeropage is used by Tiny Basic!

All tests and binary file manipulation with Tiny Basic have been done with my KIM-1 and TIM Superjolt simulators.
File conversion between binary and papertape and such is done with the Convert Hex 8 bit formats utility.

On this page you find:

• My work with Tiny Basic
• Tiny Basic manuals
• Downloads binaries, sources for KIM-1 and Jolt/Superjolt/TIM
• Tiny Basic programs
• Magazine articles
• IL Basic Interpreter
• Other sources of information, systems with Tiny Basic
• KIM Kenner article 1980



My work with Tiny Basic

Here I present you with all I own, know and have reconstructed about the 6502 (and 6800) ports of Tiny Basic by Tom Pittman.

1979 I bought a Tiny Basic package for my KIM-1 from the Dutch distributor Ing Bureau Koopmans for Hfl. 25,- and the package came as a number of documents (User manuals, Getting the most out of Tiny Basic, and the Experimenters kit) and a cassette with two versions of Tiny Basic program in KIM-1 audio format:
– a low version of the program from 0200 to $0AFF, start address $0200
– a high version from $2000 to $28FF, startaddress $2000
– a Break test routine placed in the lower stack page, $0100-$0114

In 1979 I build a videoterminal (24×32 uppercase monochrome!) and the KIM-1 had 4K memory added in lower memory. So I could use Tiny Basic!

In 1980 I published, in the Dutch KIM Computer Club Magazine KIM Kenner, an article about Tiny Basic, with some patches and tips.

In 2004 I scanned the manuals and dumped the audio cassette wich contained the only remaining Tiny Basic files on cassette. Not the lost original but patched versions as described in the KIM Kenner article I wrote in 1980, reproduced below. I tested those ‘raw’ dumps on the MicroKIM when it appeared as first KIM Clone and it ran more or less. A teletype with papertape punch and reader is not equal to a modern videoterminal.

In the years following more KIM Clones appeared such a the Cosham KIM Clone and the PAL-1. And Tom Pittman published some of the material. Other users used my and Tom’s material to let Tiny Basic run on their KIM clone machines. Also sources based on disassembly were constructed.

In 2021 the KIM-1 Simulator was born, that enabled me to dig into programs at the PC.

2023 brought me a Superjolt with Tiny Basic in ROM. And that triggered me to build a TIM Simulator. With that I could test and check the Tiny Basic ROM dump. With sources from the website of Tom Pittman I could rebuild the assembler source of Tiny Basic, and check that with the dumps I had of KIM-1 and TIM. You can see the results of that work in the Download section: Tiny Basic can be built for my two platforms on any 6502 system, be it KIM-1, TIM/Superjolt or any 6502 with character I/O. I also found that not all Tiny Basic version come with the same IL Basic interpreter, small differences between KIM-1 and TIM/Superjolt. More on the IL interpreter here

Tiny Basic manuals

The official manuals that came with my version of Tiny Basic. Cleaned up PDF versions 2023.
For a ‘tiny’ language it is very well documented! I have more expensive Basic interpreters without good documentation ..

	Tiny Basic User Manual Tiny Basic User Manual as html Tiny Basic User Manual as html Tiny Basic User Manual as text
	Getting The Most Out Of Tiny Basic Getting The Most Out Of Tiny Basic as html
	Tiny Basic Experimenters Kit Tiny Basic Experimenters Kit as html Tiny Basic Experimenters Kit as text
	First Book of TinyBasic as html
	Superjolt CP110 User Manual Also Tiny Basic, RAP userguide
	Superjolt CP110 Synertek

Downloads of binaries and sources for KIM-1 and TIM/Superjolt

From the manual on the KIM-1:
It is recommended that you save a copy of memory on tape (0100-0114 and 0200-0AFF) before going any further. Or you may prefer to save it on audio cassette. Set up the starting address for Tiny at 0200, and type “G”. Because of the awkwardness of putting memory in the 4K gap left in the KIM-1 system, an alternate version is available which executes out of 2000-28FF. For this version the Cold Start is at 2000 and other addresses are at 200x instead of 020x (cf. 010x in Appendix D).

Tiny Basic binaries and sources for the KIM-1
– raw dump contains the dump of the only remaining audio cassette files in my library.
Dumps made in 2004, lightly patched versions.
– patched original binaries: extracted from the raw dumps as described in the user manual
– original reconstructed binaries, source versions, binaries checked against the original dump with the patches removed
– patched versions , for practical use on a KIM-1 or clone with a modern video terminal emulator.
Sources and papertape included.

Tiny Basic for the TIM 6530-004 as used in the Jolt and Superjolt. All with sources and binaries..
– original ROM dumps from the Superjolt
– source and checked binaries reconstruction
– patched for more practical use, source and binaries for Superjolt and TIM
– reconstructed version of Tiny Basic for TIM as described in the User manual

Software

Tiny Basic for CC65 assembler sources
Tiny Basic programs, such as adventure
Bill O’Neill source of Tiny Basic with monitor
Tiny Basic source by Bob Applegate
Tiny Basic for the Cosmac 1802 by Robert Coward


Magazine articles

	Articles on tiny Basic ibn Dr Dobss
	Articles on tiny Basic from 6502 User notes
	Articles from the Dutch KIM user Club: KIM Kenner 23 Tiny Basic Filip van Kenhove, adapt to Elektor Junior
	1977 01 Tiny Basic a mini language for your micro
	kilobaud 1977 12 Tiny Basic
	1978 06 Tiny Basic shortcuts
	1978 10 Not so Tiny (Basic)
	Tinkering with Tiny Basic

IL interpreter

Tiny Basic is implemented like an onion:


The concept of Tiny Basic was thought of by the people behind PCC magazine, which evolved ito Dr Dobbs. A compact Basic interpreter written in the IL language, which in turn is interpreted in native code. This means lot of functionality in a small space. And porting to other computers means only having to rewrite the quite simple IL interpreter.

Tiny Basic by tom Pittman is such a ported Tiny Basic. For 1802, 6502 and 6800 CPU systems. Note that there are small differences between versions of the IL code. The code for TIM is different for example of the KIM-1 versions.

	Revised articles from PCC about Tiny Basic
	Wikipedia article about Tiny Basic Good explanation and historical overview
	Tiny Basic Experimenters Kit Contains a thorough description of IL as used in Tom Pittmans Tiny Basic, the IL Basic interpreter code, an IL assembler Tiny Basic Experimenters Kit as html Tiny Basic Experimenters Kit as text
	IL interpreter source collection 1802 6502 original
	Tiny Basic IL by Bob Applegate
	Tiny Basic IB IL interpreter source
	IL Interpreter source commented

Other sources of information on Tiny Basic

Information on the Itty Bitty Computers Tiny Basic for the Cosmac here, by Herb Johnson.
Tiny Basic interpreters 6502, 1802, 6800, IL
Tiny Basic for the Cosmac 1802 source, by Robert Coward
6800 source reconstructed by Jeff Trentor.
Tiny Basic for the 6800 hex dumps and source reconstruction
The dialects of Tiny basic
Tiny Basic debugging

English version of article ‘Tiny Basic’

H.J.C. Otten, KIM Kenner 10 March 1 1980, page 10
With improvements on the Dutch article from unpublished handwritten notes, 1980

Tiny Basic

Tiny Basic deserves more appreciation as programming language than the low price makes us wonder.
(Note 2023; All software for the KIM-1 is free nowadays!)
The following article some advantages and disadvantages wil be described followed by some tips for improvements and ease of use.

Advantages of Tiny Basic
The program is small, 2.5K RAM besides zeropage is enough for the software.
Tiny Basic uses the KIM-1 I/O with the built-in KIM-1 character I/O routines. And of course a TTY like a videoterminal.

Tiny Basic comes in two versions. A low memory version for a KIM-1 with RAM at $0000 – $0ABF and program storage at $B000.
The high memory version starts at $2000, and program storage above.
There are no differences between the low and high memory version besides memory locations.

All I/O of Tiny Basic uses three well defined and documented subroutines, adaptation to other 650 systems requires no more adaptations.
The extensive documentation makes all clear.

Tiny Basic has two start addresses. The Cold start does a complete initialization like a clean program space. The Warm Start keeps the Basic program in memory intact.

Besides the Basic statements there is the USR function to call external 6502 code. The USR function is powerful. The first argument is the address of the 6502 routine.
The second argument, a 16 bit integer, is placed in the X (high) and Y (low) register. The third argument, an 8 bit value, in the Accumulator..
The result of the function result is the accumulator.
Tiny Basic works with 16 bit integers, signed. There are USR calls for peek and poke function.

Disadvantages of Tiny Basic
Any Basic interpreter has known disadvantages. Tiny Basic adds having only 16 bit signed integers, no floating point numbers. No string functions, no FOR .. NEXT, GOTO required, 26 variables max. And Tiny Basic is slow due to the architecture of an interpreter written in the IL interpreter.

Tip 1: Patches go improve usability on video terminals
– The “:’ used as prompt can be replaced with another character. I like ‘>’ as prompt.
– The second patch involves suppressing the video terminal unfriendly output of (un)printable characters.
– Third the backspace character $5F is better replaced with $08 for video terminals.
– The last patch increases the maximum stack depth from 40 to $20.

Patches to apply at Tiny Basic (low version 0200 and high version 2000):
Change location $0971 ($2771) to $3E (‘>’ , was ‘:’ $3A)
Change location $0211 ($2011) to $00 to suppress padding (was 84, padding on in bit 7, 4 times)
Change location $020F ($200F) to $08 (backspace) was $5F
Change location 0213 ($2013) to $20 for more stack space depth (was $04)

Tip 2: Load and save of Tiny Basic programs

There are no Load and Save statements in Tiny Basic.
But it can be done with the following procedure on the KIM-1:
Save your program
1. Halt your Tiny Basic with Reset
2. Copy the contents of $24 to EAL $17F7 (end of Tiny Basic Program storage)
3. Copy the contents of $25 to EAH $17F8
4. Fill SAL $17F5 with $00
5. Fill SAL $17F5 with $0B (0200 version) or $29 (2000 version)
6. Enter tape ID in $17F9
7. G $1800 to save to tape (or a more applicable hypertape routine)
Load a program from tape
1. Start Tiny Basic Cold start (G 0200 or G 2000)
2. Halt your Tiny Basic with Reset
3. Enter ID in $17F9
4. G $1873 to load tape to memory
5. Copy the contents of EAL $17F7 to $24(end of Tiny Basic Program storage)
6. Copy the contents of EAH $17F8 to $25
7. Start Tiny Basic with warm start G $0203 or G $2003

Since the KIM-1 monitor does not allow to use the tape load/save routines as subroutines, making this a program is not much more friendly than the manual operations.

See also:

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Ruud Baltissen started the whole KIM-1 Replica world by publishing a page many years ago about Building a KIM-1
All replica’s, from the MICROKIM to the Nachbau followed his design.

Replicated here the are relevant text and schematics by Ruud.

Build a KIM-1

The goal of this project is to rebuild the KIM-1. This isn’t “Just take the schematic of the KIM and go ahead!”. The KIM-1 uses two 6530s that are custom ICs and therefore cannot be bought in any shop. This project uses replacement parts.
The troubleshooter: 6530
As said, the KIM-1 has two 6530s on board. For more info about this IC, please read about the 6530 here. Anybody who is a little bit familiar with the hardware market can tell you that you cannot buy the 6530 as a regular part. And the 6530 is a custom IC: Commodore made various types but all were branded 6530. For example, the 6530 found in the CBM 4040 drive is different from the ones of the KIM. Even the two 6530s of the KIM itself are different: in this case it is the content of the builtin ROM.
Happily enough there is another IC available that can be used as replacement: the 6532.

The 6532 has 16 I/O lines, an internal timer and 128 bytes of RAM onboard, but no ROM. For this project we’ll use an external EPROM as replacement. The pin out of the 6532 is completely different but that should not be a problem.
Another difference is that a 6532 has pin PB6 available where a 6530 hasn’t. See it as a bonus as I haven’t found any reason how it could jeopardize our project.
The 6530 can generate a IRQ but in case of the KIM-1 this feature isn’t used. The main reason is that pin PA7 is needed to output the signal and it is used for other things. The 6532 has a separate IRQ output. I used two jumpers, J54 and J5, to enable someone to use this function if needed.
The last and major difference however lays in the way the registers are selected:

function:       RS:  A6:  A5:  A4:  A3:  A2:  A1:  A0:  R/W: 
                                                            
RAM              0    x    x    x    x    x    x    x    x   
                                                            
DRA              1    x    x    x    x    0    0    0    x     A
DDRA             1    x    x    x    x    0    0    1    x     B
DRB              1    x    x    x    x    0    1    0    x     C
DDRB             1    x    x    x    x    0    1    1    x     D
                                                            
PA7, IRQ off,                                               
      neg edge   1    x    x    0    x    1    0    0    0     F
PA7, IRQ off,                                               
      pos edge   1    x    x    0    x    1    0    1    0     G
PA7, IRQ on,                                                
      neg edge   1    x    x    0    x    1    1    0    0     H
PA7, IRQ on,                                                
      pos edge   1    x    x    0    x    1    1    1    0     I
                                                            
read interrupt                                              
       flag      1    x    x    x    x    1    x    1    1     E
                                                            
read timer,                                                 
       IRQ off   1    x    x    x    0    1    x    0    1     J
read timer,                                                 
       IRQ on    1    x    x    x    1    1    x    0    1     K
                                                            
Clock / 1,                                                  
       IRQ off   1    x    x    1    0    1    0    0    0     L
Clock / 8,                                                  
       IRQ off   1    x    x    1    0    1    0    1    0     M
Clock / 64,                                                 
       IRQ off   1    x    x    1    0    1    1    0    0     N
Clock / 1024,                                               
       IRQ off   1    x    x    1    0    1    1    1    0     O
                                                            
Clock / 1,                                                  
       IRQ on    1    x    x    1    1    1    0    0    0     P
Clock / 8,                                                  
       IRQ on    1    x    x    1    1    1    0    1    0     R
Clock / 64,                                                 
       IRQ on    1    x    x    1    1    1    1    0    0     S
Clock / 1024,                                               
       IRQ on    1    x    x    1    1    1    1    1    0     T

In total 5 address lines are used, meaning 32 registers. But 11 of the 19 registers have one or more mirrors.

Read:          J E J E         K E K E         J E J E         K E K E 
Write:         F G H I         F G H I         L M N O         P R S T 
R/W:           A B C D         A B C D         A B C D         A B C D         

As we can see, the last 16 registers equal the 16 of the 6530 itself. So now we have to develop some logic which will do the following:

• The I/O of the 6532 is only visible within a range of 64 bytes
• The first 16 bytes represent register 16 to 31
• The next 48 bytes are mirrors of the first 16
• Only 64 bytes of RAM are used

Conclusion:

• Input A6 won’t be used and can be tied to GND
• Input A4 is connected to address line A4 of the 6502 via a NAND gate.
• The second input of that NAND gate is connected to the /CS2 input.
  The idea behind this is simple: The moment that the I/O part of the 6532 is selected, the NAND gate outputs a (H) thus selecting the wanted last 16 registers. If needed, the user can select the other 16 registers as well by connecting the second input of the NAND gate to +5V.
• A 74LS138 enables the /RS and /CS2 lines at the right moment.

ROM and RAM
Here we have a luxury problem. We only need 2K of (EP)ROM like the 2716. The problem is that the 2716 is hard to find and more expensive then the 2764 or its bigger brothers. When we use a bigger EPROM we could tie the unused address lines to GND.
The same problem occurs with the RAM. In this case I have chosen for a 62256, a 32 KB RAM. This looks like a massive overkill but see later.
If we have to use bigger RAMs or EPROMs anyway, it is quite easy to use other parts of that chip by OR wiring the CS line with more Kx outputs of the main 74145. In case of the EPROM we also can connect switches to the surplus address lines and have the advantage of a multi-KERNAL system.

Extra address range
KIM-1 only supported an address range of 8 KB in the first place. The pin DECEN at the Userport can be used to extend that range but HAS to be connected to GND for the original configuration. The idea is that external cards can use this input to alter the range.
I added an extra 74145, IC7, and two jumpers that enable the user to make a more efficient use of the hardware. Both jumpers, J2 and J3, have to be closed to start with.
If you don’t want to use the 74145 at all, only close jumper J1.

The first thing one can do is to let the binary start at address $F800. Your self built KIM will still behave as usual. Now you can add your own RAM from address $0000 on up to $E000 and the only thing you have to do is remove jumper J2.
If you are only interested in adding RAM, a better idea is to use the original one, IC4, the 62256 32 KB RAM. You only have to remove the jumpers J13..17 and to close one or more pair of pins of jumper block J18. By closing all four pair of pins you make use of the full 32 KB.
Jumper J3 is only needed if you want to expand your self built KIM even further and want to use, for example, the $E000/$FFFF range for (EP)ROM.

Schematics of the new KIM-1

What are the major differences with the original schematic?

• Replacement of the 6530s by 6532s.
• Addition of two NAND gates to handle the 6532s.
• Addition of an EPROM.
• Replacement of the 6108 RAM ICs by a 62256 or equivalent 32K*8 SRAM.
• Addition of a 74LS138 to decode the RAM and I/O of the 6532s.
• The resistor for K6 has been dropped.
• Addition of jumpers to enable the combination of other K lines.