Added the ‘user guide’ chapters from the book ‘Microcomputer Principles Featuring the 6502/KIM-1′ as KIM-1 User guide.
About small SBC systems
Added the ‘user guide’ chapters from the book ‘Microcomputer Principles Featuring the 6502/KIM-1′ as KIM-1 User guide.

Another book scanned:
Microcomputer Experimenting with the MOS Technology KIM-1 by Lance Leventhal.
Motivated by Jeffrey Brace of VCF I have scanned and published Microcomputer Systems Principles featuring the 6502 KIM, Authors Camp, Smay and Triska
Introduction to KIM-1 programming, 6502, and also 6800 and 8080.
Microcomputer Systems Principles featuring the 6502 KIM, Camp, Smay and Triska
On this page early KIM-1 clones with the, at that time, available RRIOTS.
The KIN and SuperKIM are KIM-1s because they have he KIM-1 RRIOTs. The last two, the Scandinavian Digitus and a Conversational Voice Terminal Corp one have a PCB with similar layout and sizes, real KIM-1’s with the KIM-1 RRIOTS with newer or more RAM.
A portable KIM-1 clone. Used in gambling it seems. 6530-003 only. 1K RAM (2x 2114), 4K EPROM (2x 2716).
Original article on this website.
PDF of the design of the KIN computer
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This one also popped up on ebay without much information. A KIM-1, PCB newly layout, 4K RAM (8x 2114 IC’s), for the rest a traditional KIM-1.




A KIM-1 clone build by Bob Applegate of Corsham Technologies.
The idea was replace the 6530’s with 6532 and by careful memory decoding have the I/O, timer and RAM of the 6532’s appear at the same locations as the 6530-002 and -003. ROM is added with an EPROM.
Not an exact copy in dimensions , and the ROM has been changed/enhanced/improved with a xKIM Monitor by Bob Applegate (hex upload e.g.), though the original KIM-1 ROM should work also.
The result is a high quality build, and an exact KIM-1. With many extra’s
Available assembled and tested or as a kit. I have bought the Rev 2 PCB with essential parts from Corsham to build it!
And also bought the assembled Rev 5 with expansion connector, motherboard, Proto board, KIM Clone I/O and SD/RTC Shield.
This is a dream of a 6502 development system! The SD shield has a simple interface in the xKIM monitor to load and save files on the SD, which is a FAT formatted card, Fast enough of course and easy to exchange fiiles on a PC with a cross assembler.
What you find here:
KIM-1 RAM/ROM and I/O board connected to a KIM-1
Here a selection of interesting 6502/KIM and general RB electronics/computer articles, written by me and others, (in Dutch) in Radio Bulletin in the period 1977 to 1987. Note that some articles were reprinted in the CB specials, see the RB Specials page.
Scanned full older Radio Bulletin magazines
When I was an editor at Radio Bulletin we published several specials. Some were additions to the magazine, two specials were on sale.
The KIM-1 has 2K total ROM, in two 1K maskable ROMS of the 6530-002 and 6530-003.
The 6530-002 implements a TTY interface, a keyboard interface (hence the name Keyboard Interface Monitor) and 6 7 segment LED displays.
6530-003 is an audio cassette recorder extension of the KIM monitor.
On this page binaries and source listings and assembler sources for various assemblers.
I have two sets of KIM-1 ROMs. On the KIM-1 ROM dump done by Dwight Elvey, the filler bytes (unused locations in the ROM) are filled with $00.
I confirmed the dumps of Dwight (who were faulty) by making a dump of the ROMs in my own KIM-1.
The other set, found all over the internet, is the result of assembling the source (see below) in which the assembler used $FF for the filler bytes. It makes sense to use $FF, since EPROMs can be programmed to make ‘1’s to 0’s. Functionally the filler byte is irrelevant, so I present here the ROMs with filler byte 00 (original KIM-1 dumps) and filler byte FF (assembly result).
6530-002 $1C00-$1FFF, filler bytes $FF 6530-002 ROM
6530-003 $1800-$1BFF, filler bytes $FF 6530-003 ROM
6530-002 $1C00-$1FFF, filler bytes $00 6530-002 ROM
6530-003 $1800-$1BFF, filler bytes $00 6530-003 ROM
Source code listings
Listing from the User Manual appendix
Listing from the User Manual appendix in text HTML format
Listing from the User Manual appendix in text format
Assembler sources
Source in MOS Technology format
Source in Ruud Baltissen assembler format
Source in CC65 format
Articles, translated to English, from the Dutch KIM/6502 Kenner magazine:
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Data-1K Resident Assembler |
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ASCII parallel keyboard encoder |
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Micro-soft Basic Q and A |
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Using KIM as Dedicated Controller KIM app note 11477 |
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Es Lebe der KIM-1 ELCOMP article how to start with the KIM-1, includes sample programs and a LED hardware experiment. |
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A programmers guide to the KIM-1 German introduction the the hardware of KIM-1 and KIMClone, Erik Bartmann Introduction Hardware Programming |
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KIM cursus Digitaal schakelen Dutch course on programming the KIM-1 by KIM User Club Siep de Vries. |
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The KIM-1 as eight-channel datalogger Hardware and system description, James Campbell, John Forest 1984 |
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Computer Performance of Music Hal Chamberlin, Byte 1977 |
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KIM Hypertape Hyper about slow Load Times, Kilobaud, Jim Butterfield |
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Computers in Classrooms Teaching the teachers, Lance Leventhal, Kilobaud 20 1978 |
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A KIM-1 Sidereal/Solar clock John O. Bumgarner, Interface Age, August 1977 |
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Highest-speed audio dump Program by U.O. Schröder |
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Huey Calculator Don Rindsberg, adapted by C.Bond |
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Pocket Calculator KIM Club Publication For LED display or TTY KIM Kenner version by Siep de Vries |
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Suppress echo of TTY Get Character Prevent echo when reading a character from the TTY input and make TTY input deaf, written by Hans Otten. KIM Kenner 17. Page 1, Page 2, making deaf, idea by Siep de Vries in KIM Kenner 5 |
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KIM-1 versus SYM-1 routines Equivalent but slightly different KIM-1 and SYM-1 ROM routines |
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KIM Tape Copy v1.1 KIM Tape Copy v1.1, copy all files on a KIM cassette. Uses two recorders attached as shown in the Micro Ade manual. Source in Micro Ade format Listing of Tape Copy |
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2708 programmer EPROM-Programmierer KIM-1:2708, Ingo Dohman, 65XX MICROMAG |
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A Digital Video Display System on KIM-1 N. Solntseff M.D. Drummond |
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KIM-1 expansion Non-volatile DS1220 SRAM 2KB, 128K Flash How to flash the 28F010, assembler source |
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Real-time exec for KIM-1 KIM-1 Microcomputer Module a user’s note by T.E. Travis, Microtrek August 1976 |
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KIM-1 TTY tot RS-232-C Circuit diagram how to connect the current loop KIM-1 TTY interface to RS-232-C. Hans Otten |
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Improved KIM Communications RS-232-C interface, extra serial output listing, Micro June 1981, Ralph Tenny |
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Data exchange between KIM-1 and TRS-80 Datenaustausch zwischen KIM und TRS-80, Claus Wunsche, 65XX Micromag |
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KIMATH and MATHPAC KIMATH is a floating point package, 16 digit precision for the KIM-1 6502 system. Original MOS Technology listings, binary, documents in PDF and text format, sources. MATHPAC is a supplement by John Eaton, Dr Dobbs nr 20, to aid in using KIMATH. Original article in PDF and text format with sources and binaries. See also the KIMath manual in the KIM-1 manuals page |
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KIM Memory test For TTY and KIM keypad. Siep de Vries, KIM user Club |
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Driving the bits of the display directly Shows how to light any segment of the KIM-1 LED display. |
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TSC Listing of games for the KIM-1 via the TTY interface. Easy to adapt to any 6502 machine. |
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An 8080 Simulator for the KIM-1 Listing of 8080 CPU simulator, Dan Mccreary. |
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KIM goes to the Moon Lunar Lander game, Jim Butterfield, Byte April 1977. |
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Frontpanel for the KIM: UPanel Hardware and software for a frontpanel, George Laing, January 1979 |
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KIM-1 Breakpoint Routines Breakpoint routines, Willi Kushe, Dr Dobbs June 1977. |
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KIM-1 Disassembler Apple disassembler ported to KIM-1 T. E. Bridge, Dr Dobbs Number 20 |
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KIM-1 Extended Monitor Users Manual OSI Extended Monitor ported to KIM-1 |
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KIM-1 Microprocessor Fundamentals Seminar workbook R. Bennett, J. Ross |
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Is the KIM-1 For Every-1 Introduction to the KIM-1 Robert M. Tripp Kilobaud August 1977 |
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Where is KIM going News on the KIM-1 Richard Simpson, Kilobaud 1977 |
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Build the TVT-6 A low cost direct video display Part 1, July, Part 2 August, Don Lancaster, Popular Electronics, 1977 |
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Experimenting with the 6551 Introduction to the 6551 Marvin L. de Jong, Compute 10 March 1981 |
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KIM-1 in FPGA Make a KIM-1 clone with the cheap EP2C5T144 FPGA board. Connect via TTY or add a physical LED and keypad like the KIM-1. Presentation by Stephen A. Edwards Archive with the design files |
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LEDIP A KIM/6502 Text Editor Line editor source, Kium Akingbehin, Dr Dobbs Number 29 |
To aid in the handling of KIM-1 program and dataformats I have written some programs for Windows and Linux (Raspberry Pi), sources included.
Convert 8 bit hex formats
KIM-1 simulator
Pascal-M cross compiler
KIM Tape WAV to BIN conversion
KIM Tape Convert BIN and BIN to WAV
KIMPaper
KIMPoser Tape Convert hex to WAV online
All programs come with source (Free Pascal Lazarus), compiled for Windows but thanks to Freepascal and Lazarus also compiled and tested on Linux (Ubuntu and Raspberry PI OS).
A general purpose utility to convert common 8 bit hex and binary formats, such as Intel HEX, Motorola S records, MOS Papertape, hex format, and binary files.
Version 2.9, June 2024. Define assembler output and bugfix MOS papertape format, PRG Commodore file format, TIM papertape format

Convert8bithexformat source files (Freepascal Lazarus).
Convert8bithexformat Setup for Windows, Executables for Ubuntu and Raspberry PI OS
Available formats:
– BIN binary, raw data, no formatting, no information on start address.
– HEX formatted as hex numbers raw data, no start address included.
– IHEX Intel hex 8 bit format, multiple memory block, start address included.
– PAP MOS Technology papertape format, multiple memory blocks, start address included.
– SREC Motorola 8 bit S record, contiguous memory block, start address included.
– A1hex Apple Woz monitor hex format, start address included.
– KIM Tape as used in the KIM-1 Simulator as emulation of audio tape files.
– assembler formatted bytes as .byte or your prefix text
– PRG files (binary with start address)
– TIM papertape format (MOS Papertape with simple end record)
6502/65C02 CPU emulation, disassembler, TTY, KIM-1 keypad and LEDs.
See the KIM-1 Simulator page for more information.

Note that the Conver8bitHexFormat program is also capable of converting to and from Papertape format from many more formats.
Originally written for the launch of the MicroKIM, an older version is on the support CD.
When you attach a serial device like the teletype or a modern PC with Hyperterminal you can use the KIM monitor of the KIM-1. One of the functions is loading from and saving to a papertape device on the teletype. Now since this is a way to load and save data as a textfile this is in fact quite useful.
The Micro-KIM triggered me to modernize my conversion utility for MOS Technology papertape format dating from 1983, VAX/VMS and Turbo Pascal. A Windows and a commandline/console version are available.
KIMPAPER for Windows

A program for Windows to convert between papertape and binary format.
Windows setup KIMPAPER
Sources (Freepascal Lazarus, build also on Linux)
KIMPAPER V1.1 for DOS
Not too modern, but handy, a commandline utility. Does exactly the same as the Windows program KIMPAPER. Runs fine in a commandline DOS box. Can also be compiled for Linux with Freepascal. In the KIMPAPER DOS archive the program, source and information on the program and papertape format can be found.
C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper KIM-1 MOS Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 Syntax is: KIMPAPER [-[b|p] filename [startaddress] C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper -h KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 Syntax is: KIMPAPER [-[b|p|h] filename [startaddress] first parameter switches -h help -p convert to papertape -b convert to binary second parameter (first if no parameters, assumed binary to papertape) name of file to convert .BIN for binary, forces conversion to PAPertape .PAP for papertape, forces conversion to BINary third parameter (assumed 0000 if not present) startaddress for BIN to papertape conversion Files of type .BIN wil force conversion to papertape.PAP Files of type .PAP wil force conversion to binary .BIN Examples: C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper mastermind.bin 0200 KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 C:\MICROKIM>kimpaper mastermind.pap KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1 Start address 0200 in file mastermind.BIN

KIM Tape to Text is a utility to convert between binary format of a KIM-1 tape dump to a DOS text file.
The KIM tape dump is a binary file and is just a dump of part of the memory of the KIM-1.
This binary file can be a text file as used in editors Micro Ade or CW Assm/TED.
By using the tape write routine in the KIM-1 one can write an audio file on cassette.
When this audio file is captured on a PC as WAV file (22K, mono) this can be converted back to a binary memory dump with ED’s Utility KIMTape
These text files can be converted to DOS text files with this utility.
First open the binary file. If this is recognized as Micro Ade or CW Moser format, the Save as text file can be used.
Windows program.
Full source for Freepascal and Lazarus, no Windows dependencies. Compiled on 64 bits Windows 10 as 32 bit application.
Note on detection of assembler editor type
1. Micro Ade file must start with CR: when present this is Micro Ade
line nr follows 2 byte
line ends with $0D
file ends with $40
2. Assm/Ted by CW Moser starts with line number $10 $00
end of line is high bit set
There may be rare situations that a file starts with a $0D or a different line nr. You can force CW Mose detection by changing this to a sequence of $10 $00 $0D and if necessary blanks $20 to make it consistent. If in doubts: use an editor that shows the file in hex (Ultra Edit, or the free Notepad ++, Text editor PRO) and study the tape file.
Methods to get the binary file out of a Junior or KIM-1.
Read the record tape into a binary with Ed’s KIMTAPE conversion *see below). It is MS-DOS and runs fine in VDOS (https://www.vdos.info/) or DOsbox (slow).
Make a note of start address as shown by KIMTAPE.
Non-printing ASCII characters are filtered out of the resulting text file.
Not my program, but so handy!
KIMTAPE v0.5 – tape conversion utility for KIM-1 and SYM-1 (2004-05-17) Local copy of http://dxforth.mirrors.minimaltype.com/#kimtape)
KIMTAPE allows programs stored on cassette tape to be decoded to a program file. It handles both MOS Technology KIM-1 and Synertek SYM-1 tape formats including HYPERTAPE. The reverse process – converting a program file to an audio wavefile is also possible, allowing one to produce perfectly regenerated cassettes. KIMTAPE works with 8-bit mono WAV, VOC or RAW audio files recorded
at 22050 samples per second.
Download: kimtap05.zip (MS-DOS) It is MS-DOS and runs fine in VDOS (https://www.vdos.info/) or DOSbox (slow).
The binary files in the KIM-1 program archives have been reproduced, from the original cassette recordings, with the tool KIMTAPE on a PC in a DOS box. See Eds DX-Forth and Utilities Page for this and other nice programs.
This program also makes it possible to reproduce the original cassette recordings that can be read by a KIM-1.
The files were made as follows: The KIM-1 cassette audio was connected to the PC audio input and (with e.g. Audacity) recorded as a wave file (mono 22KHz).
For example: qchess.wav
The wave file was then converted with KIMTAPE to a binary file (the exact content of of the KIM-1 memory when recorded).
And the KIMTAPE utility then displays load address (for example and tape ID
c:\kimtape qchess.wav qchess.bin KIMTAPE version 0.5 17-May-04 infile: qchess.wav outfile: qchess.BIN Program 01 address 0200 checksum OK xxxx bytes done
This .bin file (any extension is fine!) is NOT a wave file! It contains the exact content of the KIM-1 memory when recorded. The size is exactly the number of bytes as stored in the memory of the KIM-1 and much smaller than the wave file. This binary file can be converted back to a wave file with KIMTAPE or converted to a papertape file with KIMPAPER:
C:\kimtape -M -A0200 -D01 -B2 qchess.bin qchess.wav
As you can see: you have to specify the load address and the program ID. The B parameter indicates hypertape speed (2 here, slow)
The resulting wav file should be acceptable for the KIM-1. It is (as I have tested) acceptable as input for KIMTAPE!
All command parameters can be seen by typing KIMTAPE without parameters:
Executables of cross compiler, workflow, sources, command line utilities.
