After publishing the photos of the transistors used in the KIM-1 a discussion started on forum64.de in the ‘Instandsetzung und Nachbau eines Kim-1’ thread about some transistors were placed wrong in later revisions. And the KIM-1 involved functions well.

The User manual states:

 --------+-------------------+------+---------------------------------------
 | ITEM  | PART              | QTY. | DESCRIPTION                          |
 +-------+-------------------+------+--------------------------------------+
 |  18.  | Q7                | 1    | NPN Transistor B>20, VCE>12 - 2N5371 |
 |  19.  | Q1 through Q6     | 6    | PNP Transistor B>20, VCE>6  - 2N5375 |
 --------+-------------------+------+---------------------------------------

which are quite generic general purpose transistors.
MOS Technology used those parts in the first edition, Rev A and Rev B. Commodore then took over and parts used changed to equivalents.

In my KIM-1 collection I have found (see also the list in this page, Q1..Q6 also have this quirk on some KIM-1s)

Transistor Q7

Rev D 2N3904
Rev E 2N3904
Rev F 2N4401
Rev G 2N4401
Rev G 2N4401

which are functionally equivalent, but have a different pinout. But are placed exactly like the 2N5371.

My first KIM-1, Rev F has a BC239C, which is OK, my trusty old KIM-1, functioning perfectly over the serial interface with thsi CBE transistor.

The 2N5371 pinout is CBE, Collector Base Emitter. The 2N3904 and 2N4401 are EBC.

2N5371 pinout

2N3904 pinout

2N4401 pinout

BC338 pinout

Those are EBC pinouts. But they are placed exactly like the 2N5371, which is CBE. It should be the other way around. But it works!

On the Rev D Replica by Eduardo Casino and the Nachbau KIM-1 by Ralph02 the BC327(2N5375) and BC338(2N5371) are used. These have the same pinout.

How does that work?

Well, it seems that it does not matter here. An NPN transistor can be wired this way, exchanging Collector and Emitter. It functions the same, but the specs are much worse like the amplification factor. Since this is an emitter follower and the input voltage can be (via a limiting resistor to be added) go to 5V it works reliable.

Part of the KIM-1, the TTY serial interface

Even a microprocessor based computer as the KIM-1 required some simple transistors.
To drive the LEDs some extra current is needed, so there are 6 PNP transistors there.
And in the serial circuit an NPN transistor is used.

I investigated which types are used in my KIM-1s and clones.

While we may date the first commercial shipping of the KIM-1 to January 1976 (date of the first edition of the User Manual), we can date the end of KIM-1 production to mid 1981.

A demo by friend Nils

source@github: https://github.com/netzherpes/KIM1-Demo

Jim Butterfield
Aug 19, 1999, 9:00:00 AM
to
Joe Forster/STA wrote:
>
> Can you, please, explain me in short what this KIM-1 machine
> is: CPU, RAM, video, sound, periphery, lookout, startup
> screen, programming? A URL would also be fine, I guess…
> I haven’t seen a KIM-1 before… Thanks in advance!

Shortly after MOS Technology, Inc. developed the 6502 processor chip,
they designed a single-board computer called the KIM-1 to show off the
capabilities of the chip family, and to allow engineering prototyping.

Apart from the obvious things that a computer must have (CPU, RAM, I/O
chips), they threw on the board just about anything that they thought
someone might like to have as an interface. For example: the basic
monitor program allowed a hex keypad input (hey, KIM stands for Keyboard
Input Monitor) and 6-digit LED display; it had a bit-banger audio output
which could be used to store programs on a cassette tape unit; it had a
corresponding PLL audio input line that would read back from such a
cassette tape; and it had teletype input/output facilities (again,
bit-banger). Its basic RAM was 1K, supplemented by a little extra RAM in
the 6530 I/O chips.

A feature of the board that many users never realized, perhaps, is that
all on-board devices were selectable via external connections. What that
means is that you could plug the KIM-1 board into a mother housing, which
could, as desired, disconnect any or all of the peripheral circuits, I/O
chips, RAM, or the ROMs containing the monitor.

It’s likely that MOS Technology designed the board as a tool for
engineers, with the message “Hey, design your own system and copy the
things you like from this board”. I suspect they were quite amazed when
sales started to approach the 100,000 mark!

Here’s my take on what happened: computer hobbyists discovered that, for
the first time, there was a standard preassembled board that would be the
same for all users. Back in those days, most computers came as a printed
circuit board and a bag of parts which you had to assemble yourself.
More, everybody made a slightly different system: some had a CRT
display, some had LEDs, some had teletype; varying amounts of memory were
fitted, mapped to a variety of addresses; and operating systems were
whatever you could scare up.

But suddenly there was the KIM-1. It was fully assembled (although you
had to add a power supply). Everybody’s KIM-1 was essentially the same
(although the CPU added an extra instruction during the KIM-1’s
production life).

And this created something that was never before part of the home
computer phenomenon: users could quite happily exchange programs with
each other; magazines could publish such programs; and people could talk
about a known system.

We knew the 6502 chip was great, but it took quite a while to convince
the majority of computer hobbyists. MOS Technology offered this CPU at a
price that was a fraction of what the other available chips cost. We
faced the attitude that “it must be no good because it’s too cheap,” even
though the 6502, with its pipelined architecture, outperformed the 8080
and the 6800.

The arrival of the KIM-1 and its user group was, I think, a landmark in
early personal computer history.

–Jim

Post from here

With any product it is not always easy to establish a ‘day of birth’.
For the 6502 it is the WESCON trade show in San Francisco beginning on September 16, 1975.

For the KIM-1 no introduction event is known. The first publications in magazines about the KIM-1 were in the second quarter of 1976, so press releases and first products must have come from MOS Technology in the first quarter.
Design of the KIM monitor (the ROM in the 6530-002) happened at the same time as development of the TIM monitor (the ROM in the 6530-004) in 1975. The ICs became available end of 1975, see the Hardware manual.

The KIM-1 computer development, with 6530-002 and 6530-003 (the ROM with the audio tap routines), most likely was done in the second half of 1975.

The only real date I can pinpoint is the publication date of the User Manual, January 1976. So I date the ‘birth’ of the KIM-1 computer in January 1976.

I have collected some KIM-1’s over the years. The first KIM-1 in 1978 I bought and sold many over the years. Now I have nine original KIM-1s, from first edition to Rev A, B, D, E , 2x F, 2xG.
The KIM-1 replica by Eduardo Casino (still building, I have original 6530-002 and -003 for it), and a Digitus Sweden clone.
And several reproductions with 6532’s as replacements.

Top row : first edition, Rev A, Rev B, Rev D, Rev E
Middle row: Rev F, REV F, Rev G, Rev G, Digitus
Botton row: Rev D Eduardo Casino, KIM-1 Ralph, KIM-1 Dave Williams, KIM-1 Dave Williams (not shown an unbuilt blue Dave Williams KIM-1).

KIM-1 clones! (Briel MicroKIM, Corsham KIM clone, PAL-1, PAL-2).
Vince Briel was the first to design and sell a KIM-1 clone, the Micro-KIM. Essential was the replacement of the 6530 RRIOT with a 6532 RIOT and an external ROM. The idea came from Ruud Baltissen. The PAL-1 and PAL-2 are still available as kit. The design files for the Micro-KIM are on github.

Top row: Briel MicroKIM, Corsham KIM Clone and PAL-2.
Bottom row: PAL-1 , Corsham breadboard