This is the story of me and the KIM-1.

Philips educational kits.

As a young child, at age 12, I was introduced to electronics with the Philips electronic kits. First a Pionier crystal radio. Easy to build, good instruction manual. Lots of listening pleasure!.

Two years later I bought the Philips EE8 Electronic Engineer kit. Again nice builds (the 8 stands for 8 experiments), with a good manual. Since the manual covered the expansion to the EE20 for 20 experiments, I bought the parts myself one by one at Aurora Vijzelgracht, Amsterdam.
More on the Philips electronic kits.

Radio Bulletin

In 1978 I bought my first computer, a KIM-1. It turned out to be a Rockwell rebadged Rev F Mos Technology board.

The beginning of lots of fun, learning, member of the KIM gg Club and making and publishing in the Dutch electronics magazine Radio Bulletin and the KIM Kenner.

In 2014 the big KIM-1 machine was finally taken down in parts, the following photos showed the end result as in 1985 after many years of tinkering.

The KIM-1 system ended as a real production system in 1985, mainly to write articles, all Radio Bulletin and KIM Club Magazine related work was done with this system.

My KIM-1 workplace in 1979, no video terminal, no printer, hand assembly

My workplace setup in 1982: KIM-1, dual cassette, tv monitor, H14 printer, ASCII keyboard

1984, VT100 as videoterminal, what a progress!

Then a CP/M machine took over (a Spectravideo X’Press 738) with the same VT100 as terminal.

• KIM-1
• 8K RAM  in system case
• 32K RAM in expansion case
• Two ACIA 6850 serial
• A PIA/VIA card with two 6820 PIA’s
• Parallel ASCII keyboard with home made logic circuit
• Video Display 32×32 uppercase characters on an analog TV
• Dual cassette tape system with motor control
• MDCR digtal cassette system in second expansion case
• Radio Grafisch Display in second expansion case
• Heathkit H14 matrix pinter, serial with RTS handshake via bitbanging RIOT port
• VT100 Digital Equipment Video display unit VT100
• Boot tape to load device drivers and Micro Ade (extended to 8K)
• MICRO ADE assembler/editor, used for program development and article authoring
• Microsoft Basic KB9 (not used often, nice study material!)
• Pascal-M compiler and interpreter (mainly development and experiments, not for production)

First the KIM-1, I still have it, in working condition, in my private museum. Changes still visible, a red acryl cover over the LED displays, a capacitor moved to the back to make it flat enough to fit the case I made and some supports to have it lay stable and safe on a table.

Why a KIM-1?

In 1977 I was reading in the electronics magazines about the revolution taking place: 8 bit microprocessors!
During my study I encountered Digital Equipment machines, PDP-8 in the lab, PDP-11 in the Mathematic Computer Science department, a Minc in Medical Physics group, my major.
The electronics department where I was doing an intern not only introduced to digital electronics and I helped them to introduce the Z80 to the instruments designed for laboratory experiments.
I learned assembler quickly, PDP-11 was a dream come true, the Z80 a bit of a nightmare but you could do so much with effort.

At the same time I started to write for the magazine Radio Bulletin, simple analog and digital circuits and continued to be an editor until 1987. I met Dick de Boer who was writing his famous Microprocessor articles and introduced the KIM-1 to the Dutch electronic engineers. So a KIM-1 with the very attractive 6502 was the logical choice for my first microprocessor system.

First case: memory, connectors, power supply

A KIM-1 itself was fun to learn with, but it quickly needed more; a permanent power supply, protection, easy to access connectors and interfaces for  a bus to have  more memory.
So the case seen in the next figure was built:

Power hungry, so lots of lineair power supplies with large cooling.

The first case I built from alu profiles contained the KIM-1, a backplane for 6 memory boards, a lot of power supplies (lineair, so heat was a problem!), a patch panel to access the expansion connector, cassette I/O, serial interface and various switches.

PCBs handmade, double sided!

Memory 2K RAM Card, BEM Bus Brutech Variant made by Hans Otten
Memory boards were made myself by drawing with Edding ink on the blank PCB, etching and drilling. Filled with 2102 RAM IC’s for 1K per board, it filled lower RAM of the KIM-1 $0400 – $13FF. The bus is a 31 pin DIN connector, based upon the BEM (Brutech) bus.

I bought two of this deck from Radio Service Twenthe, Den Haag, fascinating electroncis dump store!

The next thing I built was a video display unit. All TTL 74XX logic IC’s, a 2513 character generator, a AY-5-1013 character generator, an ASCII keyboard, display on TV 32×32 characters uppercase. RS232 input/output to the KIM-1.
On top of the VDU a dual cassette deck is shown. From the famous Dutch dump shop Radio Service Twente two audio cassette decks were bought, some audio amplifiers and power supply added, and a remote control circuit via a 6532 GPIO line (standard as in Micro Ade). Served me well for many years, in 2014 the decks strings were dried out and crumbled after many years of not being used.

Next was a real expansion cabinet with a long backplane for 32K memory with 8x 4K RAM card, 2114 based, Designed by me, published in Radio Bulletin and sold by Visser Assembling Electronics. BEM bus compatible.

4K SRAM card

4K SRAM card, Radio Bulletin September 1979 part 1  part 2

Production 4K RAM card

Prototype 4K RAM card, also hand drawn on the PCB!

In the expansion cabinet three slots were added for I/O. Two cards were designed by me and published in Radio Bulletin: an ACIA card for two 6850 Motorola ICs, and a PIA card for two PIAs, 6522 or 6520 or 6820 or 6821. I never used more than one ACIA and one PIA card. Shown are the prototype cards, in the article production quality PCBs were used.

PIA and VIA card design by Hans Otten June 1984 Radio Bulletin

ACIA Motorola 6850 by Hans Otten, 1983 Radio Bulletin

On one of the ACIAs a VT100 Digital Equipment terminal was connected, taking over from the bit banged serial interface and the homebuilt video display. ON the other ACIA a Heathkit H14 matrix printer was added, a mediocre but adequate printer.

Together with Micro Ade as assembler and editor, the dual cassette deck, 40K RAM In total, this was a nice machine! Until 1987, when I bought the Spectravideo X’Press 738 MSX and CP/M system, used for all my publishing activities.

A third expansion cabinet was built around 1983. It was driven by the PIA’s, the Radio Bulletin Grafisch Display was inside the cabinet, along with two MDCR Philips Digital cassette recorders, alo published in Radio Bulletin. The speed difference between Hypertape audio cassettes and 2400 baud MDCR speed was not that impressive.

Dirk Dral

EPROM card (Dirk Dral)

Not much traffic, mostly news from me (which is now also here) and some posts already added to the pages of the site.

Thank you for the contributions and the Contact page is always available for your questions and contributions!

The provider is strato.nl, where all my other sites hansotten.com are stored already

All seems well, but if you spot a problem, please tell me!

Hans

Now ready to add more info and play with my KIM-1 and Apple 1’s!

And the DOS65 systems just beg to be documented ..

Welcome to the Retro website!

This website is now being transformed into a WordPress site. Responsive, modern, safe, easy to maintain, but with the same contents. It is also a good opportunity to weed out errors and enhance the site even more.

Also the site changed from pure SBC to more general microprocessor and related electronics with the addition of magazine articles from Radio Bulletin and Elektuur.

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This page is about my interest in retro 8-bit small computer systems computing and electronics. And the role of Dutch electronic magazines like Elektuur and Radio Bulletin in the eighties of the 20th century. Also the Dutch users club, called KIM Gebruikersclub, which I joined in 1978 and contributed to as member of the board and as chief editor of the magazine issue 11 to 25.
The retro computing pages are documenting my experiences with 8-bit systems like the KIM-1 and its relatives such as the Apple 1 and the Junior. And various small Z80 and other systems.
I set up this archive as my personal archive of what I research on the subject. If it is of any use for others, fine, enjoy!

• Home
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• News
• My sites
• MOS Technology 6502
  • Brutech BEM
  • 6501
  • 65XX IC’s
  • 65XX Datasheets
  • MCS6530 and MCS6532
  • 6502 Microprocessor Kit
  • Atari 850 interface: 6507 + 2 6532
  • Andrew Jacobs 6502 pages
  • Apple 1 and Apple 1 replica’s
  • Ben Eater 6502 computer
  • Beta Computer SBC
  • Cepac-65
  • Corsham projects
  • Data Handler
  • Datac 1000, a TIM 6502 SBC
  • DOS/65
  • DOS65
  • Elektor Elektuur Junior
  • Elektor 6502 clock
  • Elektor Universal Terminal
  • Elektor EC65
  • ESCO 6502 SBC
  • EMUF and MC
  • KGN COMAL
  • Focal-65 V3D for TIM and KIM-1
  • L.J. Technical Systems: EMMA DIGIAC
  • Jolt and Super Jolt
  • John Bell Engineering SBC’s
  • KIM-1
  • MAE ASSM/TED CW Moser
  • Kowalski assembler simulator
  • Lee Davison’s website
  • LAB-VOLT 6502
  • MDT 650 MOS Technology
  • Microsoft Basic 6502
  • MCS Alpha 1
  • MPS-65 CT-65 CT-6502 Thaler
  • Micro Technology Unlimited
  • My 6502 systems
  • OUP/M – A 6502 CP/M Operating system
  • OSI 300 Trainer
  • PROTON Electronics: PC-1, CB80, PIM-1
  • PROMAX MI-650 Trainer
  • Rockwell AIM 65 and RM65
  • The Sorbus computers
  • Synertek SYM-1 KTM
  • TM76 Burr Brown 6502 terminal
  • TOuCHE
  • Three Chips Plus Unilab
• Motorola 6809
  • Elektor EC-68
  • 6809 Microprocessor kit
• Radio Bulletin
  • Radio Bulletin Articles
  • 1802 Cosmicos
  • RB Specials
  • Elektronica ABC
  • Radio Bulletin en Muiderkring historie
• PC Tools
• TECMUMAS, dem Technikmuseum Matthias Schmitt
• Z80
  • Budgetronics Z80 retro computer
  • Elektor and the Z80
  • Micro-Professor MPF-1B
  • Proton Electronics CB80
  • RC2014 and the 6502
  • Talking Electronics and the Z80
  • Z80 Microprocessor kit
  • Z80 development system
• Electronic kits (Philips and more)
  • Philips Electronic kits
  • Other brands
• My retro toolchain
  • Power supplies
  • Tools for Retro Electronics
• Other retro articles
  • CPU NOP testers
  • FABGL Altair8800
  • Intel SDK-85
  • Just for Fun MBC’s
  • FABGL terminal emulator and CP/M
  • RTK.GPIO
  • Retro Chip Tester
  • Ascii Video terminal
  • Serial USB adapters testing
  • MSX info
• My former music Collection
  • POP LP’s A-E
  • POP LP’s F-J
  • POP LP’s K-P
  • POP LPs Q-Z
  • Classical LPs

Magazines

In the early days of computing, magazines about popular electronics played a big role in making microprocessors available for the beginner, whether the professional or hobby electric engineer. The magazines featured here are the dutch magazines Elektuur and Radio Bulletin. From 1977 until 1996 I worked as technical editor for Radio Bulletin and published about microcomputers and more general electronics.  Elektuur published also articles on these subjects, many are available here.

What is a SBC for me?

A SBC, short for Single Board Computer can be defined as a computer system, based on a microprocessor, on one printed circuit, with keyboard and display, programmable I/O ports, expansion connectors and without a casing. The ‘operating system’ is stored in a (EP)ROM, an often small amount of RAM is available to store programs and data These were the first microprocessor based computers with affordable prices for hobbyists in the late seventies of the previous century. For professionals a way of getting acquainted with the new hardware and learning the basics of programming at a (very!) low level.

Though it is a complete computer, it has a CPU, memory and I/O, it is also a very limited one. The I/O is often not more than a small keyboard with hexadecimal functions. The display is often not more than 6 or 8 seven segment LED displays, just enough to show, in hexadecimal format, addresses and data. The operating system allows entering and examining of data in memory locations, and start and stop a program. Loading and saving data is limited to either papertape readers and punches, quite common in these days, or via some modulation as data files on audio cassette recorders. Also common is the ability to attach a teletype like the ASR33.

A good example of such a SBC is the KIM-1, shown below. 2K ROM, 1K RAM, many I/O lines free, six LED displays and a keyboard with hexadecimal keys and some function keys.
Why these SBCs like the KIM-1 became so popular? One reason was the low price ($ 280 for a KIM-1, I paid 795 guilders ), so it was in the price range of the average student and hobbyist. Another is the design being open, the complete hardware description and detailed listing of the ROM was included. And it is not the frightening computer, but more a programmable piece of hardware. Because it was so easy accessible and low speed, adding and changing hardware is not hard also. Programming was not easy, but editors/assemblers that could run with some added hardware like RAM and a video terminal made that possible. The nowadays common practice of cross compiling was not available for the hobbyist then.

Besides playing with the SBC, to learn what the microprocessor is capable of, many SBCs were put to work as a sort of PLC, controlling devices in the real world.
What changed the popularity of SBCs was the wish to transfer it to a computer with a better user interface, like graphics on a video screen, a full blown keyboard, a real operating system with mass storage such as floppy drives, and a higher fun factor, a.k.a. games. Or to make it a serious computer fit for business. So SBCs became extinct fast in the mainstream hobby world when the hobbycomputer appeared on the market, like the TRS-80, PET and later the C-64, MSX etc. Even later the boring business PC killed the hobby computer, but that is another story.
It seems the SBC’s are back though: Arduino and Raspberry Pi Contact form to contribute to this fascinating hobby!

• Home
• Sitemap
• Contact
• News
• My sites
• MOS Technology 6502
  • Brutech BEM
    • B.E.M. 6502 RAM VIA system
    • Brutech B.E.M. and Radio Bulletin
    • Brutech BEM SBC4d card
  • 6501
    • The Digital Group 6501 CPU board
  • 65XX IC’s
  • 65XX Datasheets
  • MCS6530 and MCS6532
    • RIOT 653X datasheets
    • Known 6530 variants and ROM dumps
    • Images of the 6530s I have
    • 6530 replacement with a 6532
      • KIM 6530 to 6532 for a KIM-1 clone
      • KIM 6530 replacement board
      • Allied Leisure pinball machines
      • 6530 replacement Commodore
      • Gottlieb sound board
    • Testing the 6530
      • Backbit Chip Tester Pro for 6530 tests
      • Use a KIM-1 (clone) to read out a 6530-009
      • RRIOT testing on a breadboard 6530-002
    • TIM 6530-004
      • TIM Jolt Superjolt Simulator
        • TIM Simulator documentation
      • 6530-004 dissected
        • 6530-004 decapped
      • A Christmas Story About A Tiny TIM
      • THE-RC 41523 CPU-4
      • TIM-1 SBC
      • TIM-2
    • 6530 hardware emulator in FPGA in 40 pin DIP
    • Commodore Chessmate: 6530-024 RRIOT
    • Difference in time count between R6532 and G65SC32
  • 6502 Microprocessor Kit
  • Atari 850 interface: 6507 + 2 6532
  • Andrew Jacobs 6502 pages
  • Apple 1 and Apple 1 replica’s
    • Apple 1
    • A-ONE
    • Replica 1 Briel
      • Replica 1, first version
      • Replica 1 SE
      • Replica 1 TE
      • Replica 1 TEN
      • Replica 1 Plus
      • Replica 1 Multi I/O Board
      • Noise fix for Replica Ten
      • Replica 1 slot expanders
      • Replica 1 Cassette Interface
      • Replica 1 software and hardware articles
      • Pocketerm
    • RC6502, an Apple 1 clone
    • CFFA1
    • Other Apple 1 replica’s
  • Ben Eater 6502 computer
  • Beta Computer SBC
  • Cepac-65
  • Corsham projects
    • KIM-1 products
      • Parallel port adapter
      • KIM-1 Software
        • Basic interpreters for the 6502
        • Bob’s Tiny Basic
        • Extended KIM Monitor
        • KIM programs
        • Memory test
        • Microchess for the KIM clone
        • xDBG for 65C02
      • 44 Pin Extender Board
      • KIM-1 4k Memory board
      • KIM-1 60K RAM board
      • KIM-1 6530 Replacement board
      • KIM-1 I/O board
      • KIM-1 Multifunction board
      • KIM-1 RAM ROM 60K board
      • Multifunction and Motherboard
    • KIM Clone
      • KIM clone versions
        • KIM clone Rev 1b Rev 2
        • KIM Clone Rev 3
        • KIM Clone Rev 4
        • KIM Clone Rev 5
      • KIM Monitor KIM clone
      • KIM Clone tips
        • Adding I/O to the KIM-1
        • Automated tester
        • Building a KIM Clone
        • Fix for KIM Clone Single-Step Problem
        • KIM Clone I/O Not Receiving Serial Data
        • Using KIM Clone I/O Pins
      • KIM Clone I/O board
      • KIM Clone Motherboard
      • KIM Clone Proto Board
      • KIM Clone software
    • Corsham SD card system
      • SD Card Shield
    • SS-30 SS-50 boards
      • SS-30 bus extender
      • SS-30 Parallel Board
      • SS-30 Prototype board
      • SS-30 Serial Board
      • SS-30 SS-50 technical notes
      • SS-30 USB Serial Board
      • SS-50 1MB RAM board
      • SS-50 64K RAM board
      • SS-50 65C02 CPU Board
      • SS-50 6800 CPU Board
      • SS-50 6809 CPU board
      • SS-50 Motherboard
      • SS-50 Prototyping board
      • SS-50 RAM EEPROM
      • SS-50 software SBUG SWTBUG
    • Corsham github
    • SYM AIM 60K RAM board
  • Data Handler
  • Datac 1000, a TIM 6502 SBC
  • DOS/65
  • DOS65
    • DOS65 manuals, sources, listings
    • DOS65 articles in the KIM 6502 uP Kenner and CompUser
    • DOS65 hardware
    • Silicon hard disk Andrew Gregory
    • EP: EPROM programmer for DOS65
    • EPROM programmer Andrew Gregory
    • DOS65, floppy emulator HxC2001, transfer files
    • DOS65 floppy collection
    • DOS65 programming languages
      • AS + ED Macro assembler and Text Editor
      • DOS65 Pascal
      • DOS65 Basic
      • DOS65 Comal
      • DOS65 Forth
      • DOS65 Small C Compiler
    • DOS65 application: ASTRID and Viditel
    • DOS65 application: Logic analyzer
  • Elektor Elektuur Junior
    • Junior Elektor, from base to full system
      • Elektor Junior : base system
        • Replace the 2708 EPROM
      • Power Supply Unit
      • Mini EPROM card and ESS511 ROM
      • Elektor bus
      • Elekterminal
      • Junior Interface card
        • Program the 82S23
      • 16/64K dynamic RAM card
      • EPROMmer EPS82010
      • Universal Memory card, 83014
      • VDU Videocard
      • Junior KB9 Basic
      • Floppy disk interface
      • OS65D
      • Assemblers used in sources
    • Elektor Junior Articles and Books
      • Junior articles in English
      • Junior Nederlands
      • Junior deutsch
      • Junior en francais
      • Italian Junior articles
      • Elektor books
      • Junior in KIM Kenner and Comp User
    • Elektor PCB paperware and ESS services
    • Alternative Junior Monitor
    • Elektor Junior software
    • CPM-65 and Elekterminal emulator
    • DIY Build a Junior
      • Junior by Philippe Roca
      • Junior Computer Replica by laurent-fr
      • Junior PCBs by Werner Beukes
      • Junior revival Bram Prosman
      • Philippe Roehr on KB9 and OS65DV3.3
      • Junior Computer ][
    • Elektor gallery
    • Musicprint kit and cassette interface
    • Junior retronics articles
  • Elektor 6502 clock
  • Elektor Universal Terminal
  • Elektor EC65
  • ESCO 6502 SBC
  • EMUF and MC
    • MC EMUF articles, Sonderheft, Book
    • EMUF and MC Die Mikrocomputer-Zeitschrift
    • EMUF 6504 remake
    • EMUF-232/V24
    • 6502-EMUF
    • EMUF M50734
    • Z80-EMUF
    • Z80-Mini-EMUF
  • KGN COMAL
  • Focal-65 V3D for TIM and KIM-1
  • L.J. Technical Systems: EMMA DIGIAC
    • Digiac 6502 systems
    • EMMA
  • Jolt and Super Jolt
    • Microcomputer Associates
    • Jolt
      • Jolt with a 74154 decoder
      • Jolt Replica by Eduardo Casino
      • History of the TIM in the Jolt
      • Images of the Jolt
      • A Jolt Replica
    • Super Jolt
    • Jolt software
    • Jolt and Super Jolt extension cards
  • John Bell Engineering SBC’s
    • John Bell PN 80-153
    • John Bell PN 81-260
    • John Bell PN 82-300
    • John Bell PN 80-Z80
    • John Bell Apple 6522 card
    • John Bell Apple 16 bit A/D
    • John Bell Apple Cards
  • KIM-1
    • Me and my first KIM-1
    • My KIM-1 collection
    • The story of the KIM-1
    • KIM-1 manuals and MOS Technology documents
      • KIM-1 Circuit poster
      • MCS6500 Instruction Set Summary cards
    • KIM-1 ROMs
    • KIM System Products
      • KIM-2 KIM-3
      • KIM-3B
      • KIM-4
      • KIM-5
      • KIM-5 Resident Assembler/Editor
    • Books for the 6502: KIM-1 and more
    • Johnson McShane brochures
    • MOS Technology KIM-1 Brochures and Newsletters
    • The Rockwell KIM-1
    • KIM-1 articles
      • Compumart KIM-1 Rev A
      • Dungeons And Dragons Dice Simulator For The KIM-1
      • KIM-1 PCB Edge connectors
      • KIM-1 Ziptape
      • KIM-100
      • ASCII parallel keyboard to KIM-1
      • Cassette read and write indicator
      • KIM-1 printer output RS232 H14
      • Make MS Basic KB9 faster: the ROR bug
      • PLL Test
      • Reading tapes from other KIM-1
      • Recording programs with the KIM-1 and the cassette recorder
      • Tape copy
      • Suppress KIM-1 echo
    • KIM-1 and 6502 in magazines
      • Chip
      • Kilobaud
      • Byte Magazine
      • KIM-1/6502 User Notes
      • 65XX MICROMAG
      • Amateur Radio
      • Compute! and Compute II
      • Dr Dobbs
      • Elcomp
      • Funkschau
      • HobbyComputer
      • Interface Age
      • Popular Electronics
      • KIM 6502 UP Kenner
      • MICRO
      • MC Die Mikrocomputer Zeitschrift
    • KIM-1 revisions images
    • KIM-1 revisions, what changed?
    • Transistors in the KIM-1
    • Amazing it works!
    • Hardware expansions
      • KIM-1 Case
      • Micro Technology
        • MTU K-1008 Visable Memory
      • RetroSpy Technologies
        • PAL-1 Motherboard Expansion Kit
        • KIM-1 RAM/ROM Board
        • MOS 6530 Replacement for the KIM-1 SBC
        • Bus extender
      • Seawell Little Buffered Board
      • HDE card cage, floppy drive
      • KIMSI S100 motherboard/interface
      • RNB VAK-1/2/4
      • The Computerist Hard- and Software
      • VAE T4 system
    • KIM-1 projects by Eduardo Casino
      • KIM-1 rev D PCB redesign Eduardo Casino
      • Dual 6532 adapter board
      • KIM-1 keypad replacement
    • KIM-1 Software
      • A 2K Symbolic Assembler for the KIM-1
      • Instant Assembler for the KIM-1
      • Printing Disassembler
      • Tiny Basic
      • Microsoft MOS TECH 6502 BASIC V1.1 or KB9
      • KIM-1 Enhancement PROM
      • KIM Venture
      • Baseball
      • HEXPAWN
      • KIM-1 programs by Nils
      • Telefonbuch
    • KIM-1 PAL-1 KIM Clone KIM MicroKIM Reproduction resources
    • Load papertape format
    • KIM-1 emulators
      • VKIM
    • KIM-1 Simulator
      • KIM-1 Simulator documentation
        • MTU K-1008 Visible Memory
        • SD/RTC Card System, xKIM and CP/M-65
          • CP/M-65 on the SD Card/RTC Shield
          • xKIM on the SD Card/RTC Shield
        • TTY Console
        • TTY Serial
    • PC utilities KIM Simulator Convert hex etc
    • KIM-1 first clones
      • Digitus KIM-1 clone
      • SUPERKIM
    • The KIM-1 clones
      • KIM-1 replica’s and clones
        • DIY KIM-1 Keypad
        • KIM-1 Mod a portable KIM-1 made by Voyageur
        • RC-ONE a KIM-1 clone
        • Replace both 6530s in KIM-1
        • Ruud Baltissen: Build a KIM-1
        • Wozmon in the KIM-1 clone
        • Nachbau eines KIM-1
          • Nachbau KIM-1
          • KIM-1 replica keyboard
          • KIM-1 I/O-Platine
          • IEC/RAM/ROM card
        • Micro-KIM
          • Solid State Tape Device for the (micro)KIM
            • Cassette interface for the Micro-KIM
          • Home-Brew Cassette Interface for Micro-KIM
          • Micro-KIM RAM, EPROM and Expansion boards
        • PAL-1
        • PAL-2
        • MOS KIM-1 Reproduction
        • KIM-1 Nachbau
        • KIM-1 Replika
        • KIM Uno
      • My other KIM-1 systems
    • KIM-1 videos
    • KIM-1 6530 Replacements
      • Corsham Technologies 6530 replacement
    • KIM-1 Diagnostic board
    • KIM-1 keyboard repair
  • MAE ASSM/TED CW Moser
    • KIM-1 Macro Assembler Editor
    • Elektor Junior ASSM/TED
    • SYM-1 RAE
  • Kowalski assembler simulator
  • Lee Davison’s website
    • Enhanced 6502 BASIC
      • Starting EhBASIC
      • Update EhBASIC
      • EhBASIC requirements
      • Advanced EhBASIC techniques
      • EhBASIC Using USR()
      • EhBASIC Useful routines
      • EhBASIC Internals
      • EhBASIC language reference
      • How to use EhBASIC
      • EhBasic Extending CALL
      • EhBASIC bug Ibuffs location
      • EhBASIC LOAD and SAVE notes
    • Some code bits
    • Some very short code bits
    • SIN and COS calculator
    • 6502 ROM file system
    • Microchess
    • SYM-1 BASIC – more nostalgia
    • A 6502 single board computer
    • ACIA 6551
    • Nop generator
    • IDE bus interface circuit
    • An expandable 6502 SBC
    • AT keyboard interface
    • I2C Bus interface
    • LazyPROM
    • Memory Plus: memory for your KIM SYM AIM
    • Mitsubishi 740 boards
      • Enhanced 740 BASIC
        • EhBaSIC 740 Code examples
        • Enhanced 740 BASIC Language reference
  • LAB-VOLT 6502
  • MDT 650 MOS Technology
  • Microsoft Basic 6502
  • MCS Alpha 1
  • MPS-65 CT-65 CT-6502 Thaler
  • Micro Technology Unlimited
    • MTU history: Hal Chamberlin
    • MTU Catalogs, Product Descriptions and Newsletters
    • MTU Application notes
    • MTU K-1000 power unit
    • MTU K-1002 Audio D/A Converter
    • MTU K-1005 Card File and Motherboard using KIM/MTU bus
    • MTU K-1007 PET MTU bus interface
    • MTU K-1008 Visable Memory
      • MTU K-1008 documents
      • Dave Plummer has a K-1008
      • The K-1008 and the KIM-1 Simulator
      • Graphics Software Package K-1008
      • K-1008 Test programs
      • K-1008-2L Patches to Microsoft BASIC
      • K-1008 Visable Memory Replica by Eduardo Casino
    • MTU K-1009-1C AIM 65 Printer Enhancement Package
    • K-1012 PROM expansion board
    • K-1013 floppy controller
    • MTU CODOS
    • MTU K-1016 16K RAM board
    • MTU K-1020 Prototyping board
    • MTU K-1032 Banker RAM ROM I/O
    • MTU-130 and MTU-140
    • MTU-130 in MAME
    • MTU and Eduardo Casino
    • MTU Commodore PET products
  • My 6502 systems
  • OUP/M – A 6502 CP/M Operating system
  • OSI 300 Trainer
  • PROTON Electronics: PC-1, CB80, PIM-1
    • Proton PC-1, PC-2, PC-3
    • Proton PIM-1
    • PROTON CB80
  • PROMAX MI-650 Trainer
  • Rockwell AIM 65 and RM65
    • AIM 65
      • AIM 65 Manuals
      • AIM 65 Revisions and circuit diagrams
      • Siemens PC100
      • Rockwell AIM 65 books
      • AIM 65 Software and ROMS
        • Basic for AIM 65
        • Forth for the AIM 65
        • Pascal for the AIM 65
        • PL/65
      • AIM 65 Rockwell Hardware
      • AH5050 disk, serial, printer interface
      • Other AIM 65 Hardware
        • Comelta S.A. Spain
        • Cubit KIM Bus for AIM 65 products
        • MACH-9 MMS Inc 6809 CPU Plug-in for AIM 65
        • SM Baker AIM 65 projects
      • AIM 65 keyboard variants
      • AIM 65 clones
        • AIM 65 reproduction AIM65-CPLD-3v3
        • aim65_quartus
        • AIM 65 clones by Peter Renaud
        • MC-65
        • AIM 65 keyboard replica
        • MC-65 AIM65 compatible
    • My AIM 65s
    • AIM 65 magazines
      • The Target AIM 65 Newsletter
      • Interactive newsletter
    • AIM 65/40
    • RSC-Forth R56F11 R6501Q
      • R6501Q kit
      • R65F11 Forth computer
      • RSC-Forth
    • RM 65
    • SPS Software Preparation System
  • The Sorbus computers
    • Part 4 Sorbus runs Wozmon, Apple 1 Basic, MCP
    • Part 5 More software for the Sorbus
    • Sorbus computer part 3: the hardware
    • Sorbus computers (Part 1)
    • Sorbus internals
    • Sorbus computer (part 2)
  • Synertek SYM-1 KTM
    • My Synertek collection photos
    • SYM-1
      • SYM-1 Manuals and Ref cards
      • SYM-1 Monitor
      • SYM-1 Pascal and Forth
      • 2532 to 2732 EPROM adapter
      • SYM-Physis The SYM-1 Users’ Group newsletter
      • SYM-1 Basic
      • Symtool
      • SYM-1 MOD-68 MOD-69
      • SYM-1 1541 DOS
        • Galactic Expansion Board
      • SYM-1 6502 mini and Maxi SBC
      • PicoSYM, a SYM-1 emulator on a Raspberry Pico
      • SYMulator a SYM-1 emulator
      • C, Basic, RAE on the SYM-1
    • SYM-2
    • KTM-3
    • KTM-2 & KTM_2/80
    • Synertek MDT 1000
  • TM76 Burr Brown 6502 terminal
  • TOuCHE
  • Three Chips Plus Unilab
• Motorola 6809
  • Elektor EC-68
  • 6809 Microprocessor kit
• Radio Bulletin
  • Radio Bulletin Articles
  • 1802 Cosmicos
  • RB Specials
  • Elektronica ABC
  • Radio Bulletin en Muiderkring historie
• PC Tools
• TECMUMAS, dem Technikmuseum Matthias Schmitt
• Z80
  • Budgetronics Z80 retro computer
  • Elektor and the Z80
    • Mini Z80 System
    • Multi-purpose Z80 card
    • Z80-A CPU Card 1982
    • EPROM Programmer for Z80
    • EC65(K) Z80-card: CP/M on Octopus
    • Big Board II
  • Micro-Professor MPF-1B
  • Proton Electronics CB80
  • RC2014 and the 6502
  • Talking Electronics and the Z80
    • Talking Electronics TEC-1
      • TEC-1 and TEC1-A
      • TEC-1B
      • TEC-1D
      • TEC-1 addons
      • TEC-1 system ROMS
      • My TEC-1D
    • Talking Electronics Microcomp
  • Z80 Microprocessor kit
  • Z80 development system
• Electronic kits (Philips and more)
  • Philips Electronic kits
    • Pionier
      • Pionier I
      • Pionier II
      • Pionier III
        • PP 11 spoel
      • Pionier bouwdozen
      • Zelfbouw Pionier
      • Pionier Senior
      • Senior restauratie
    • Engineer 3
    • EE series
      • EE5 EE10
        • Manuals EE5/10
      • EE8 EE20 A20
        • E20
        • My EE8
        • EE8
        • Philips EE8/20 coil
        • A20
        • French EE20
        • EE8 in South Africa
      • Longwave EE and RE
      • EE100X
      • EE1050 51 52
      • EE2XXX
      • EE3023
    • AM21 radio
    • Mechanical Engineer
    • Radio Engineer
    • Interphone Engineer
    • Experimentiertechniek ETxxx ETX EB
    • Chemie Labor
    • Practronics
    • Microcomputerlab CE6400
    • Schuco ABCD
    • Trainer 809
    • Mixer EB kits
    • X40
    • Hovercraft VE2001
    • Fun with Electronics
    • Hobbyskoop
  • Other brands
    • Monacor
    • Maxwell Pupil
    • Amroh Step by Step
      • Dr Blan Step by Step
      • Jampot ontvanger Dr Blan
    • Braun Lectron
    • Bush
    • Erres radiobouwdozen
    • ITT Elektronic Experimenter
    • Kosmos
    • Other experiments kits
    • USSR kit
• My retro toolchain
  • Power supplies
  • Tools for Retro Electronics
    • EPROM programmers
    • Function generators and counters
    • Scopes and Logic Analyzers
      • USBee AX Pro
    • Solder stations
• Other retro articles
  • CPU NOP testers
  • FABGL Altair8800
  • Intel SDK-85
  • Just for Fun MBC’s
  • FABGL terminal emulator and CP/M
  • RTK.GPIO
  • Retro Chip Tester
  • Ascii Video terminal
  • Serial USB adapters testing
    • Prolific USB serial driver misery
    • Unbrick Freaduino FTDI driver
  • MSX info
    • MSX cassette page
• My former music Collection
  • POP LP’s A-E
  • POP LP’s F-J
  • POP LP’s K-P
  • POP LPs Q-Z
  • Classical LPs