KIM-1 articles

Articles, translated to English, from the Dutch KIM/6502 Kenner magazine:

Articles
See also the section on 6502 and KIM-1/SYM-1/AIM 65 articles in the magazines of the seventies and eighties.

Data-1K Resident Assembler
ASCII parallel keyboard encoder
Micro-soft Basic Q and A
Using KIM as Dedicated Controller KIM app note 11477
es lebe der kim Es Lebe der KIM-1
ELCOMP article how to start with the KIM-1, includes sample programs
and a LED hardware experiment.
A 2k Symbolic Assembler for the 6502
Source and description of a small 6502 symbolic assembler
for the 6502 such as KIM-1 or SYM-1, Robert Ford Denison
A programmers guide to the KIM-1
German introduction the the hardware of KIM-1 and KIMClone,
Erik Bartmann
Introduction
Hardware
Programming
KIM cursus Digitaal schakelen
Dutch course on programming the KIM-1
by KIM User Club Siep de Vries.
The KIM-1 as eight-channel datalogger
Hardware and system description,
James Campbell, John Forest 1984
Computer Performance of Music
Hal Chamberlin, Byte 1977
KIM Hypertape
Hyper about slow Load Times, Kilobaud, Jim Butterfield
Computers in Classrooms
Teaching the teachers, Lance Leventhal, Kilobaud 20 1978
A KIM-1 Sidereal/Solar clock
John O. Bumgarner, Interface Age, August 1977
Highest-speed audio dump
Program by U.O. Schröder
Huey Calculator
Don Rindsberg, adapted by C.Bond
Pocket Calculator
KIM Club Publication For LED display or TTY
KIM Kenner version by Siep de Vries
Suppress echo of TTY Get Character
Prevent echo when reading a character from the TTY input
and make TTY input deaf, written by Hans Otten.
KIM Kenner 17. Page 1, Page 2, making deaf,
idea by Siep de Vries in KIM Kenner 5
KIM-1 versus SYM-1 routines
Equivalent but slightly different KIM-1 and SYM-1 ROM routines
KIM Tape Copy v1.1
KIM Tape Copy v1.1, copy all files on a KIM cassette.
Uses two recorders attached as shown in the Micro Ade manual.
Source in Micro Ade format
Listing of Tape Copy
2708 programmer
EPROM-Programmierer KIM-1:2708, Ingo Dohman, 65XX MICROMAG
A Digital Video Display System on KIM-1
N. Solntseff M.D. Drummond
KIM-1 expansion
Non-volatile DS1220 SRAM 2KB, 128K Flash
How to flash the 28F010, assembler source
Real-time exec for KIM-1
KIM-1 Microcomputer Module a user’s note
by T.E. Travis, Microtrek August 1976
KIM-1 TTY tot RS-232-C Circuit diagram how to connect
the current loop KIM-1 TTY interface to RS-232-C. Hans Otten
Improved KIM Communications
RS-232-C interface, extra serial output listing,
Micro June 1981, Ralph Tenny
Data exchange between KIM-1 and TRS-80
Datenaustausch zwischen KIM und TRS-80,
Claus Wunsche, 65XX Micromag
KIMATH and MATHPAC
KIMATH is a floating point package, 16 digit precision for the
KIM-1 6502 system. Original MOS Technology listings, binary, documents in PDF and text format, sources.
MATHPAC is a supplement by John Eaton, Dr Dobbs nr 20, to aid in using KIMATH.
Original article in PDF and text format with sources and binaries.
See also the KIMath manual in the KIM-1 manuals page
KIM Memory test
For TTY and KIM keypad.
Siep de Vries, KIM user Club
Driving the bits of the display directly
Shows how to light any segment of the KIM-1 LED display.
TSC
Listing of games for the KIM-1 via the TTY interface.
Easy to adapt to any 6502 machine.
An 8080 Simulator for the KIM-1
Listing of 8080 CPU simulator, Dan Mccreary.
KIM goes to the Moon
Lunar Lander game, Jim Butterfield, Byte April 1977.
Frontpanel for the KIM: UPanel
Hardware and software for a frontpanel,
George Laing, January 1979
KIM-1 Breakpoint Routines
Breakpoint routines, Willi Kushe, Dr Dobbs June 1977.
KIM-1 Disassembler
Apple disassembler ported to KIM-1
T. E. Bridge, Dr Dobbs Number 20
KIM-1 Extended Monitor Users Manual
OSI Extended Monitor ported to KIM-1
KIM-1 Microprocessor Fundamentals
Seminar workbook R. Bennett, J. Ross
Is the KIM-1 For Every-1
Introduction to the KIM-1
Robert M. Tripp Kilobaud August 1977
Where is KIM going
News on the KIM-1 Richard Simpson, Kilobaud 1977
Build the TVT-6
A low cost direct video display Part 1, July, Part 2 August,
Don Lancaster, Popular Electronics, 1977
Experimenting with the 6551
Introduction to the 6551 Marvin L. de Jong, Compute 10 March 1981
KIM-1 in FPGA
Make a KIM-1 clone with the cheap EP2C5T144 FPGA board.
Connect via TTY or add a physical LED and keypad like the KIM-1.
Presentation by Stephen A. Edwards
Archive with the design files
LEDIP A KIM/6502 Text Editor
Line editor source, Kium Akingbehin, Dr Dobbs Number 29

PC utilities KIM Simulator Convert hex etc

To aid in the handling of KIM-1 program and dataformats I have written some programs for Windows and Linux (Raspberry Pi), sources included.

Convert 8 bit hex formats
KIM-1 simulator
Pascal-M cross compiler
KIM Tape WAV to BIN conversion
KIM Tape Convert BIN and BIN to WAV
KIMPaper
KIMPoser Tape Convert hex to WAV online

All programs come with source (Free Pascal Lazarus), compiled for Windows but thanks to Freepascal and Lazarus also compiled and tested on Linux (Ubuntu and Raspberry PI OS).

Convert 8 bit hex formats

A general purpose utility to convert common 8 bit hex and binary formats, such as Intel HEX, Motorola S records, MOS Papertape, hex format, and binary files.
Version 2.9, June 2024. Define assembler output and bugfix MOS papertape format, PRG Commodore file format, TIM papertape format

Convert8bithexformat source files (Freepascal Lazarus).
Convert8bithexformat Setup for Windows, Executables for Ubuntu and Raspberry PI OS
Available formats:
– BIN binary, raw data, no formatting, no information on start address.
– HEX formatted as hex numbers raw data, no start address included.
– IHEX Intel hex 8 bit format, multiple memory block, start address included.
– PAP MOS Technology papertape format, multiple memory blocks, start address included.
– SREC Motorola 8 bit S record, contiguous memory block, start address included.
– A1hex Apple Woz monitor hex format, start address included.
– KIM Tape as used in the KIM-1 Simulator as emulation of audio tape files.
– assembler formatted bytes as .byte or your prefix text
– PRG files (binary with start address)
– TIM papertape format (MOS Papertape with simple end record)

KIM-1 Simulator

6502/65C02 CPU emulation, disassembler, TTY, KIM-1 keypad and LEDs.

See the KIM-1 Simulator page for more information.

KIM Paper

Note that the Conver8bitHexFormat program is also capable of converting to and from Papertape format from many more formats.
Originally written for the launch of the MicroKIM, an older version is on the support CD.

When you attach a serial device like the teletype or a modern PC with Hyperterminal you can use the KIM monitor of the KIM-1. One of the functions is loading from and saving to a papertape device on the teletype. Now since this is a way to load and save data as a textfile this is in fact quite useful.
The Micro-KIM triggered me to modernize my conversion utility for MOS Technology papertape format dating from 1983, VAX/VMS and Turbo Pascal. A Windows and a commandline/console version are available.

KIMPAPER for Windows

A program for Windows to convert between papertape and binary format.

Windows setup KIMPAPER
Sources (Freepascal Lazarus, build also on Linux)

KIMPAPER V1.1 for DOS

Not too modern, but handy, a commandline utility. Does exactly the same as the Windows program KIMPAPER. Runs fine in a commandline DOS box. Can also be compiled for Linux with Freepascal. In the KIMPAPER DOS archive the program, source and information on the program and papertape format can be found.

C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper
KIM-1 MOS Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1

Syntax is:
KIMPAPER [-[b|p] filename [startaddress]
C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper -h
KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1
Syntax is: KIMPAPER [-[b|p|h] filename [startaddress] first parameter switches
-h help
-p convert to papertape
-b convert to binary
second parameter (first if no parameters, assumed binary to papertape)
name of file to convert
.BIN for binary, forces conversion to PAPertape
.PAP for papertape, forces conversion to BINary
third parameter (assumed 0000 if not present)
startaddress for BIN to papertape conversion
Files of type .BIN wil force conversion to papertape.PAP
Files of type .PAP wil force conversion to binary .BIN

Examples:
C:\MICROKIM\kimpaper mastermind.bin 0200
KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1
C:\MICROKIM>kimpaper mastermind.pap
KIM-1 Mos Technology BIN papertape format conversion utility, Hans Otten, 2007 v1.1
Start address 0200 in file mastermind.BIN

Convert KIM tape to text


KIM Tape to Text is a utility to convert between binary format of a KIM-1 tape dump to a DOS text file.
The KIM tape dump is a binary file and is just a dump of part of the memory of the KIM-1.
This binary file can be a text file as used in editors Micro Ade or CW Assm/TED.
By using the tape write routine in the KIM-1 one can write an audio file on cassette.
When this audio file is captured on a PC as WAV file (22K, mono) this can be converted back to a binary memory dump with ED’s Utility KIMTape
These text files can be converted to DOS text files with this utility.

First open the binary file. If this is recognized as Micro Ade or CW Moser format, the Save as text file can be used.

Windows program.
Full source for Freepascal and Lazarus, no Windows dependencies. Compiled on 64 bits Windows 10 as 32 bit application.

Note on detection of assembler editor type
1. Micro Ade file must start with CR: when present this is Micro Ade
line nr follows 2 byte
line ends with $0D
file ends with $40
2. Assm/Ted by CW Moser starts with line number $10 $00
end of line is high bit set
There may be rare situations that a file starts with a $0D or a different line nr. You can force CW Mose detection by changing this to a sequence of $10 $00 $0D and if necessary blanks $20 to make it consistent. If in doubts: use an editor that shows the file in hex (Ultra Edit, or the free Notepad ++, Text editor PRO) and study the tape file.

Methods to get the binary file out of a Junior or KIM-1.
Read the record tape into a binary with Ed’s KIMTAPE conversion *see below). It is MS-DOS and runs fine in VDOS (https://www.vdos.info/) or DOsbox (slow).
Make a note of start address as shown by KIMTAPE.
Non-printing ASCII characters are filtered out of the resulting text file.

KIM Tape Convert WAV to BIN and BIN to WAV

Not my program, but so handy!

KIMTAPE v0.5 – tape conversion utility for KIM-1 and SYM-1 (2004-05-17) Local copy of http://dxforth.mirrors.minimaltype.com/#kimtape)

KIMTAPE allows programs stored on cassette tape to be decoded to a program file. It handles both MOS Technology KIM-1 and Synertek SYM-1 tape formats including HYPERTAPE. The reverse process – converting a program file to an audio wavefile is also possible, allowing one to produce perfectly regenerated cassettes. KIMTAPE works with 8-bit mono WAV, VOC or RAW audio files recorded
at 22050 samples per second.

Download: kimtap05.zip (MS-DOS) It is MS-DOS and runs fine in VDOS (https://www.vdos.info/) or DOSbox (slow).

The binary files in the KIM-1 program archives have been reproduced, from the original cassette recordings, with the tool KIMTAPE on a PC in a DOS box. See Eds DX-Forth and Utilities Page for this and other nice programs.
This program also makes it possible to reproduce the original cassette recordings that can be read by a KIM-1.

The files were made as follows: The KIM-1 cassette audio was connected to the PC audio input and (with e.g. Audacity) recorded as a wave file (mono 22KHz).
For example: qchess.wav
The wave file was then converted with KIMTAPE to a binary file (the exact content of of the KIM-1 memory when recorded).
And the KIMTAPE utility then displays load address (for example and tape ID

c:\kimtape qchess.wav qchess.bin
KIMTAPE version 0.5 17-May-04
infile: qchess.wav
outfile: qchess.BIN
Program 01 address 0200 checksum OK xxxx bytes done

This .bin file (any extension is fine!) is NOT a wave file! It contains the exact content of the KIM-1 memory when recorded. The size is exactly the number of bytes as stored in the memory of the KIM-1 and much smaller than the wave file. This binary file can be converted back to a wave file with KIMTAPE or converted to a papertape file with KIMPAPER:

C:\kimtape -M -A0200 -D01 -B2 qchess.bin qchess.wav 

As you can see: you have to specify the load address and the program ID. The B parameter indicates hypertape speed (2 here, slow)
The resulting wav file should be acceptable for the KIM-1. It is (as I have tested) acceptable as input for KIMTAPE!

All command parameters can be seen by typing KIMTAPE without parameters:

Pascal-M Cross compiler

Executables of cross compiler, workflow, sources, command line utilities.

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My other KIM-1 systems

Over the years many KIM-1s were bought by me and sold also. In good and bad condition!

KIM-1 owned by Dirk Dral

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KIM-1 Software

On this page my collection of KIM-1 software in binary format , manuals and articles, from my tapes and scanned paper archives and user contributions.
Most require an expanded KIM-1 with RAM memory above $2000, 16K recommended. Of course the Micro-KIM and the Corsham KIM Clone and the PAL-1 with memory expansion have enough horsepower to run this.
See the page for useful programs to convert binaries to papertape etc.
Not all have been tested, some use non-standard TTY I/O routines, so study, test, experiment and have fun!


KB-9 and KB-6 are the name used for the Microsoft Basic for the KIM-1. One of the 6502 family of early interpreters by the then called Micro-soft company. KB stands for KIM Basic, the 6 and 9 for the precison of digits.
See here for the page about the KIM-1 binary versions , articles, listing, sources and build-and-enhance- it-yourself version.



Forth

The FORTH language 6502 FIG-FORTH

Binary Forth original, start at 2000
FORTH assembler sources, 6502, 65C02
FORTH assembler sources, 6502, 65C02 in ASSM/TED format, Elektor Junior binaries
Fig-FORTH 6502 manual
Fig-FORTH Manuals May 1979


KGN COMAL

COMAL is an interpreted structured language. A version for the KIM-1, Junior and DOS65 is available, distributed by the KIM Gebruikers Club Nederland as KGN COMAL.
See the KGN COMAL page for binaries and documentation.


MICRO-ADE assembler/editor

Updated October 2022

MICRO-ADE was the working horse for many KIM-1 users, the small and powerful assembler/editor/disassembler written by Peter Jennings, Microware.
Manual and program are placed here with permission by Peter Jennings to the KIM Club (thank you Peter for this and for a great program!)
A letter sent by Anton Muller, KIM User Club the Netherlands, to Peter Jennings, thanks Peter for the scan!

In August 2021 I (Hans Otten) typed in the source of MICRO-Ade from the listing in the manual, the output is binary compatible with the binaries I saved from tape and are tested on the KIM-1.
The result is a source identical (in standard MOS Technology assembler format) to the listing and binary identical to the page image. I also made new high quality scan of the manual and the listing.
Micro Ade program source and binary
Scanned manual
Scanned listing

Read in the KIM KENNER archive the source of the enhancements (text by S.T. Woldringh o.a.)
The KIM club enhanced Micro Ade to version 8. Download here the binary with a 2 page command summary.
MICRO-ADE V8


Q-Chess for the KIM-1

Q-Chess 1.0 is a chess program for the KIM-1, from around 1980. The programs requires a memory expansion of 8K at $2000.
The chess board is displayed at a TVT-6 (Don Lancaster) video display alongside the KIM LED Display and Keypad.
In 1981 Fer Weber, a member of the Dutch KIM User Club published an adaptation to use the program with a (video)terminal attached to the KIM TTY interface in the Dutch magazine the KIM Kenner Issue 17.
Binaries on tape and the documentation of Q-Chess were acquired in 1981 from Fer.
In March 2025 Hans Otten translated the source of the adaptations from Dutch to English in TASM format and checked the binary output to the binaries saved from tape.
This makes Q-Chess playable again!

Q-Chess User’s Guide
Q-Chess binaries
Adaptations by Fer Weber on Q-Chess for TTY
Source of adaptations by Fer Weber to Q-Chess


Usurpator Chess for the 6502

AIM 65 and KIM-1 versions, with binaries and sources in modern 6502 assembler.

Usurpator Chess for the 6800 and 6502, a book by H.G. Muller
The book, with source listings for 6800 and 6502
Programs with sources ready to run for AIM 65 and KIM-1



TKChess Computerschaak Theo Kortekaas for the KIM-1

Theo Kortekaas, a member of the Dutch KIM User Club, published in the club magazine the KIM Kenner, Issue 11 and 20, a chess program for the standard unenhanced KIM-1.
The program files are from audio cassette digitized wave files from 1982. for keypad and LED display.

TK Chess Program for the standard KIM
TKChess binaries and wave audio files
TKChess scanned listing
The 1K program with enhancements not in the binaries



Microchess for the KIM-1

Updated November 2021

MICROCHESS for the KIM-1. Another Peter Jennings Microware product. Runs on a standard KIM-1. Control via LED displays and hex keypad. Quite a commercial success, many sold!

Wave files of tape and binaries, dump of my cassette files
Assembler source and binaries, typed in by me in 2021, binary identical to tape
Original manual (from the reseller The Computerist) scanned by me
Original manual by Peter Jennings
Manual in HTML format
Article on upgrading/extending Microchess, Compute II Issue 1, pdf format
Article on upgrading/extending MICROCHESS, Compute II Issue 1, html format
Upgrade/extending assembler source and binaries, typed in by me in 2021
More chess openings, Fer Weber 1978

Microchess has been adapted for the Elektor Junior by Sjaak de Wit, sjelabs.nl.
Description of the adaptation
Source and binary of Microchess for the Elektor Junior


6502 Macro Assembler and Text Editor CW Moser

CW Moser ASSM/TED Assembler and Text Editor binaries: original, KIM-1, Elektor Junior
Manual scanned in PDF format

Sources of CW Moser for 65C02 and Junior binaries
Color version of later manual
Dissecting C. W. Moser’s ASSM_TED, Compute! Issue 11
Commodore PET version of the manual
Graphics Drawing Compiler for PET and SYM manual
Fast cassette interface for ASSM/TED by CW Moser
Universal 6502 Memory Test PET, Apple, Sym and Others, Compute! Issue 1


KIM Tape Copy v1.1

kim tape copy v11 KIM Tape Copy v1.1, copy all files on a KIM cassette. Uses two recorders attached as shown in the Micro Ade manual.
Source in Micro Ade format
Listing of Tape Copy


H14 printer and parallel keyboard routine


The Heathkit H14 printer is a simple matrix printer with a serial interface. This routine allows to use this printer via two pins at the free 6530 PIA port, see circuit diagram. Resistors are 2k2 ohm.
H14 printer and parallel keyboard input assembler source
Listing and circuit diagram


Printing disassembler

In 1982 I wrote/composed a program to have disassembled code on paper, with page numbers. The whole story, with the old binary and source, and a recent update can be found on this page.


Reactie

Time your reaction. Standard KIM-1 LED display and keypad. Source included.


First Book of KIM sources

The First Book of KIM-1 in PDF format
The First Book of KIM-1, part in text format
The First Book of KIM-1 in HTML format
Sources of The First Book of KIM-1 in source and papertape format,
Jeff Tranter
Software from First Book of KIM in binary, audio (Wave) and papertape format, by Dave Willams.


KIM Venture

A (tiny) Colossal Cave adventure for the KIM-1 by Bob Leedom


HEXPAWN

HEXPAWN, a game for the KIM-1 by Robert Leedom


Baseball

Baseball, a game for the KIM-1 by Robert Leedom


Telefonbuch Hobbycomputer #1 Herwig Feichtinger

Telefonbuch Hobbycomputer #1 Herwig Feichtinger


Pascal-M

Pascal-M: A full (1978) Pascal P2 descendent compiler system for the KIM-1.
See the School of Wirth pages for more information, including sources and binaries


Pocket calculator for the KIM-1

Siep de Vries Westvries Computing The Netherlands 1977
Simple calculator (integer 6 digits positive) + – / *
I/O via TTY or keypad/LED display, the same method as used by the KIM-1 monitor.
Two versions (scans included):
a special publication from the first days of the KIM Club in a traditional 6502 assembler and a later version for the Micro ADE assembler editor.
Sources included of both versions (TASM 32),with resulting listing and papertape and Intel hex files.
As close to paper original, changes due to assembler quirks.
Download here Sources, papertape, listings, original scans

KIM-1 manuals and MOS documents

On this page manuals, most English, some German and othre MOS Technology documents

PDFs from all over the internet, archive.org, own scanning. Thanks for that!
From https://www.retro-commodore.eu/2021/02/14/kim-1-manuals/ come the high quality scans!



User Manual

First Edition January 1976
KIM-1 User Manual First Edition, January 1976
KIM User Manual errata letters for First Edition
Second Edition August 1976
User manual high quality
User manual in HTML format
User manual in text format
User manual in PDF format (note page 18-25 of the ROM listing is missing)
Appendix with ROM listing in PDF format
Corrected page 17 of ROM listing
Appendix with complete ROM listing in PDF format
Revision of Rockwell KIM-1 User’s manual
Proofreading version of User Manual from Terry Holdt
MOS KIM-1 Handbuch, German version of KIM-1 User manual

Hardware manual

Hardware Manual January 1976 Second Edition Publications Number 6500-10A
MCS6500 Hardware Manual high quality
Hardware Manual in ASCII format
MCS6500 Hardware Manual jan 1975 in PDF format
MCS6500 Hardware Manual jan 1976 second edition in PDF format
Hardware manual in HTML format
Rockwell 6500 Hardware Manual
MOS 6500 Hardware Handbuch
German version of Hardware manual

Programming manual

MCS6500 Microcomputer Family Programming Manual high quality
High-res quality typeset manual by Pickledlight. Local copy. Check to original for updates!
MCS6500 Microcomputer Family Programming Manual
MCS6500 Microcomputer Family Programming Manual Hardcover
Programming Manual in PDF format
Programming Manual in HTML format
Programming manual appendix in HTML format
Rockwell 6500 Programming_Manual
MOS Microcomputers Programmier Handbuch,
German version of Programming manual

KIM Hints

KIM hints
KIM-1 Hints PDF format
KIM-1 Hints smaller PDF format
KIM-1 Hints in text format
KIM-1 Hints in text format with additions and corrections

KIM Application Note #2 Interval timer Operation

>KIM Application Note #2 Interval timer Operation

KIM-2 – KIM-5 manuals

Hardware extensions, see also the KIM System Products pages.

< User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in PDF
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in BW PDF
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in HTML
< MOS KIM-2-3-4 User Manual Expansion Modules
KIM System products folder KIM-3B KIM-4 IM-5 KIM-6 incl pricelist
MOS KIM Assembler Manual Preliminary (KIM-5)
MOS KIM Text Editor User Manual (KIM-5)

Cross assembler Manual, GE timeshare

Scan-160408-0001 Cross assembler Manual, GE timeshare
MCS6500 Microprocessor Software Support
Guide for using the MOS Technology Support Software on United Computing Systems timesharing service
Describes the MCS6500 Cross Assembler, Simulator and DMP to ROM programs.

MOS KIMath Subroutines Programming Manual

MOS KIMath Subroutines Programming Manual

MOS Technology Cross assembler


Circuit diagram poster

KIM-1 circuit diagram
Rockwell branded circuit diagram
KIM-1 poster in high resolution, large picture!
KIM-1 poster in high resolution,
cleaned up by Joshy of Forum64 and me (August 2022)
KIM-1 poster in high resolution, cleaned up and with wide borders
KIM-1 poster in high resolution, scan by Dave McMurtrie
Redrawn KIM-1 circuit diagram

KIM-2/3/4/5

< User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in PDF
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in BW PDF
User’s Manual Motherboard KIM-4 in HTML

First Book of KIM

First Book of KIM
The First Book of KIM-1 in PDF format
The First Book of KIM-1, part in text format
The First Book of KIM-1 in HTML format
Sources of The First Book of KIM-1 in source and papertape format, Jeff Tranter

Newsletters and errata

MOS Technology newsletters
MOS Technology April 1976 customer update
Customer Errata Letters
Customer Errata Letter 1
Customer Errata Letter 2
Customer Errata Letter 3

Quick references

KIM-1 Quick Reference by Jeff Trenter
KIM-1 user guide and notes
from the book “Microcomputer Principles
featuring the 6502/KIM

Other MOS Technology documents

MOS Technology Floating point BCD routines
MOS Technology January 1976, Rev 0.
Numbers of six digits BCD Mantissa,
a two digit BCD Exponent and the signs for the mantissa
MCS6532 Design Specification
Published before the first 6532 datasheet
MCS6500 Microprocessor Software Support
Guide for using the MOS Technology Support Software on United Computing Systems timesharing service
Describes the MCS6500 Cross Assembler, Simulator and DMP to ROM programs.
MCS6500 datasheet May 1976
MDT 650 product description
Simplifying Conversion from 6800 to 6502
TIM Software development Aid Product description
KIM 2-3-4-5 product descriptions

Warranty card that came with the KIM-1

Byte Magazine 1978 09 Plugging the KIM-2 Gap

Byte Magazine 1978 09 Plugging the KIM-2 Gap

Rockwell AIM 65 and RM65

AIM 65 was Rockwell’s SBC, in the tradition of KIM-1 and VIM/SYM-1, sharing the Application and Expansion connector designs, so add-ons could be used on all three. The Keypad/LED was replaced with a full keyboard and a 20 character display, making it more like a desktop computer than a SBC.
The AIM 65 (Advanced Interactive Monitor 65) has a 6502 CPU at 1 MHz and 1-4K RAM

The Rockwell AIM 65 computer is a development computer, introduced in 1978, based on the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor. Available software included a line-oriented machine code monitor, BASIC interpreter, assembler, Pascal, PL/65, and FORTH development system.
Later developments were the AIM 65/40 (40 character display, memory banks) and the RM 65 card based development system.
After 1984 Rockwell discontinued the AIM 65 and RM 65 product lines.

De PC 100 getest, an article by me, Hans Otten, August 1980,
in Radio Bulletin about the Siemens PC100, an AIM 65 with a case,
German documentation and sold by Siemens, Brutech in the Netherlands.

SYM-1

The SYM-1 SBC, designed by Ray Holt and Manny Lomas, after Microcomputer Associates when they became Synertek Systems.

Originally called VIM-1, this was a 6502 SBC meant to be a better KIM-1. The design shared the same application connector, so it was possible to produce expansions (the ASK family as Robert Tripp of The Computerist called it).
More I/O (6522’s and the 6532 for the same 6 7 segment LEDs and larger keypad), more RAM (4K), more empty ROM slots, a better monitor (vectored, so easy to interface to new hardware), optional Basic or Resident Assembler Editor.

On these pages a collection of available SYM-1 hardware and software.

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Synertek SYM-1 KTM

Synertek, Inc. was an American semiconductor manufacturer founded in 1973. The initial founding group consisted of Bob Schreiner (from Fairchild), Dan Floyd, Zvi Grinfas, Jack Balletto, and Gunnar Wetlesen. The manufacturing technology was MOS/LSI.
Initial products included custom designed devices, as well as a line of standard products (static RAMs, ROMs, dynamic and static shift registers) and then, sometime before 1979, second sourced versions of MOS Technology’s successful 6502 8-bit microprocessor, and the (less successful) Philips/Signetics 2650 processor and Zilog Z8 microcomputer.
Major customers included Atari (for its video game product line their biggest customer at a certain point of time) and Apple Computer (for its Apple II computer).
In the days leading up to the 1977 West Coast Computer Faire, Steve Wozniak chose to use a Synertek ROM chip for the Apple II, which was revealed at the event, after a chip from American Megatrends didn’t arrive on time.

Here some pages with information on Synertek, Micro Associates and my SYM-1 systems.

The Jolt from Micro Associates and initialy not a Synertek product, has its own page here.


Synertek Databook 1983 Chapter 5 Systems

My VIM-1:

My current SYM-1:



Synertek acquired Microcomputer Associates, Incorporated, consisting of engineers Manny Lemas and Ray Holt, after which it was renamed Synertek Systems, Inc. and established as a subsidiary. In 1978, Synertek Systems released a 6502-based single board computer/evaluation kit called the SYM-1, a derivative of MOS Technology/Commodore Semiconductor Group’s KIM-1.
Synertek’s semiconductor fabrication plant in Santa Clara, California operated from 1974 to 1985. Sometime after 1979, Synertek was acquired by Honeywell and set up as a subsidiary. Later, around 1983, construction began for an additional manufacturing facility in Santa Cruz, California. There was Superfund attention to pollution at the Synertek factory site. When market conditions deteriorated, primarily because of business downturns at Atari, work was stopped at the Santa Cruz facility and it was later sold. Honeywell shut down operations at Synertek in 1985 and assets were sold off (from Wikipedia).

Part of Chapter 5, systems, of the Synertek Databook 1983, note the Jolt was still available.



The end of Synertek Systems in 1985:


Photos by Ray Holt

 

 

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Jolt and Super Jolt

On these pages some information on the Jolt and Super Jolt and Microcomputer Associates.
Microcomputer Associates company played an important role in the 6502 SBCs, TIM, KIM-1 and SYM-1 all contain results of their work.
The company continued as Synertek Systems with the Superjolt, SYM-1 and more.

One of the first 6502 systems was the Jolt. Built around the 6502 and the TIM 6530-004 RRIOT. The TIM software is developed by Micro Associates for MOS Technology.
The Jolt was superceded by the Superjolt, Micro Associates became Synertek Systems.

Read about the systems and Micro Associates:

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LAB-VOLT 6502

LAB-VOLT 6502 Microprocessor trainer.

A rather unknown SBC aimed at education in the LAB-VOLT family.

The description of the trainer is in the book
Microprocessor Concepts and Applications
Publisher: Lab-Volt
Download here